For ground-based observations, astronomers observe the tail of the black-body radiation in the far infrared.

For optical telescopes, most ground-based observatories are located far from major centers of population, to avoid the effects of light pollution.

For large ground-based telescopes, the resolution is limited by atmospheric seeing.

For the first time, the Germans employ new Zahme Sau (" Tame Boar ") tactics – the use of ground-based guidance to direct night fighters into the British bomber stream, after which the night fighters operate independently against targets they find – and the British lose 56 bombers, the highest number so far in a single night and 7. 9 percent of the participating aircraft.

For two decades no additional moons were discovered ; but between October 1999 and February 2003, researchers using sensitive ground-based detectors found another 32 moons, most of which were discovered by a team led by Scott S. Sheppard and David C. Jewitt.

For millennia, each successive mark of Bolo proved to be the lynchpin of humanity's ground-based defenses, especially in the numerous and protracted wars against various aliens, most notably the Deng and the Melconians in the 30th century.

For this program they developed the first cardio tachometer and respiration rate monitor system so that a ground-based physician could observe an astronaut's vital signs.

For these reasons, the keraunic number has been replaced by more accurate Flash Density maps, which collect data from both ground-based and satellite lightning detectors.

For internal combustion engines in the form of jet engines, the power output varies drastically with airspeed and a less variable measure is used: thrust specific fuel consumption ( TSFC ), which is the number of pounds of propellant needed to generate impulses that measure a pound force-hour.

For the five 6. 4 meganewton sea-level thrust F-1 rocket engines of the Saturn V, burning together, the reaction generated roughly 1. 62 × 10 < sup > 11 </ sup > watts ( J / s ) ( 162 gigawatt ) or 217 million horsepower.

For extra speed a swimmer wears a body suit, which has rubber or plastic bumps that break up the water close to the body and provides a small amount of thrust — just barely enough to help a swimmer swim faster.

For example, loss of engine thrust in flight is dangerous.

For monopropellant rockets that depend on a chemical reaction, the power for the propulsive reaction and resultant thrust is provided by the chemical itself.

For any given thrust, the amount of power that needs to be generated is defined by, where T is the thrust, and is the exhaust velocity.

For vertical launch of a rocket the initial thrust must be more than the weight.

For these airplanes, excess thrust is not as important as high engine efficiency and low fuel usage.

For these airplanes, engine efficiency is not as important as very high thrust.

For the first attempt, in a 2003 pilot episode, the crew replicated the scene and the thrust of the JATO with some commercially-available amateur rocket motors.

For vertical flight the proprotor is angled to direct its thrust downwards, providing lift.

For missions requiring short periods of high thrust, such as manned interplanetary missions, pure microfission might be preferred because it reduces the number of fuel elements needed.

For missions with longer periods of lower thrust, such as outer-planet probes, a combination of microfission and fusion might be preferred because it reduces the total fuel mass.

For example, the blades couldn't be opened after they are thrust into an opponent's body.

For a given mass flow, greater thrust is obtained with a higher exhaust velocity, but the best energy efficiency is obtained when the exhaust speed is well matched with the airspeed.

For any rocket propulsion, since the kinetic energy of exhaust goes up with velocity squared ( kinetic energy = ½ mv < sup > 2 </ sup >), whereas the momentum and thrust goes up with velocity linearly ( momentum = mv ), obtaining a particular level of thrust ( as in a number of g acceleration ) requires far more power each time that exhaust velocity and specific impulse ( Isp ) is much increased in a design goal.

( For instance, the most fundamental reason that current and proposed electric propulsion systems of high Isp tend to be low thrust is due to their limits on available power.

For the most part, church-based dogmatic points of view were no longer thrust upon students in the examination of their subjects of study.

For example if the relative speed between the water and the leg is twice as high on the thrust phase than on the recovery phase, the thrust is four times as high as the drag.

For the first time the rocket would carry its planned 750, 000 lb ( 340, 000 kg ) of propellant and would use eight upgraded engines producing a thrust each of 188, 000 lbf ( 836 kN ).

For instance, the Rocket-based combined cycle ( RBCC ) engine uses a rocket engine inside a ramscoop so that at low speed, the rockets thrust is boosted by ejector augmented thrust.

For purposes of sample selection only ( individual tests were given later ) we obtained group test scores of reading achievement and intelligence from school records of the entire third-grade population in each school system.

For example, psychologists use anagram-oriented tests, often called " anagram solution tasks ", to assess the implicit memory of young adults and adults alike.

For the 1966 tour to Australia and New Zealand John Robins became the first Lions Coach, and the trip started off very well for the Lions, who stormed through Australia, winning five non-tests and drawing one ; and most notably defeating Australia in two tests as well.

For example, there are 20, 138, 200 Carmichael numbers between 1 and 10 < sup > 21 </ sup > ( approximately one in 50 billion numbers ).< ref name =" Pinch2007 "> Richard Pinch, " The Carmichael numbers up to 10 < sup > 21 </ sup >", May 2007 .</ ref > This makes tests based on Fermat's Little Theorem slightly risky compared to others such as the Solovay-Strassen primality test.

For series involving amateur detectives, their frequent encounters with crime often tests the limits of plausibility.

For IOI 2010, tasks are divided into subtasks with graduated difficulty, and points are awarded only when all tests for a particular subtask yield correct results, within specific time and memory limits.

For others it exemplifies the value of the likelihood principle and is an argument against significance tests.

For example, a statement such as " God created the universe " may be true or false, but no tests can be devised that could prove it either way ; it simply lies outside the reach of science.

For an act to cause a harm, both tests must be met ; proximate cause is a legal limitation on cause-in-fact.

For higher dan tests, students are sometimes required to take a written test or submit a research paper in addition to taking the practical test.

For example, certain tests may be unfeasible or technically difficult.

For example, to establish the validity of the proposition that IQ is supported by a general intelligence factor ( g factor ), the answers to several tests of cognitive ability must positively correlate ; thus, for the g factor to be a heritable trait, the IQ-test scores of close-relation respondents must correlate more than the IQ-test scores of distant-relation respondents.

For example, one could run an experiment on identical twins who were known to consistently get the same grades on their tests.

For information on other cervical screening tests and Human Papillomavirus testing, see cervical screening.

For two decades after the Dennis decision, free speech issues related to advocacy of violence were decided using balancing tests such as the one initially articulated in Dennis.

For example, the telecommunications research and development company Telcordia Technologies publishes conformance standards for telecommunication equipment to pass the following tests:

For cystic echinococcosis, imaging is the main method that is relied on for diagnosis while serology tests ( such as indirect hemogglutination, ELISA ( enzyme linked immunosorbent assay ), immunoblots or latex agglutination ) that use antigens specific for E. granulosus are used to verify the imaging results.

For this reason patients on these treatments are closely monitored and must be given tests for Hepatitis and Tuberculosis at least once a year.

For example, the concentration of potassium inside red blood cells is much higher than in the plasma and so an elevated potassium level is usually found in biochemistry tests of hemolyzed blood.

For the young men ( the tablet is damaged at this point ) it is conjectured that Gilgamesh is exhausting them through games, tests of strength, or perhaps forced labour on building projects.

For several months, Mitchell and Barzee were held on US $ 10 million bond awaiting the outcome of mental competency tests.

For classification purposes, soldiers were administered Alpha tests.

For example, when looking for the divisors of an integer n, the instance data P is the number n. The call first ( n ) should return the integer 1 if n 1, or Λ otherwise ; the call next ( n, c ) should return c + 1 if c < math ><</ math > n, and Λ otherwise ; and valid ( n, c ) should return true if and only if c is a divisor of n. ( In fact, if we choose Λ to be n + 1, the tests n 1 and c < math ><</ math > n are unnecessary.

For example, if a psychologist is interested in learning the conditions under which students cheat on tests, directly asking them, " how often do you cheat ?," might result in a high percent of " socially desirable " answers and the researcher would in any case be unable to verify the accuracy of these responses.

For SBS ( R ) selection, candidates are required to complete the following tests over the four-day initial selection course: