For optical telescopes, most ground-based observatories are located far from major centers of population, to avoid the effects of light pollution.

For large ground-based telescopes, the resolution is limited by atmospheric seeing.

For the first time, the Germans employ new Zahme Sau (" Tame Boar ") tactics – the use of ground-based guidance to direct night fighters into the British bomber stream, after which the night fighters operate independently against targets they find – and the British lose 56 bombers, the highest number so far in a single night and 7. 9 percent of the participating aircraft.

For two decades no additional moons were discovered ; but between October 1999 and February 2003, researchers using sensitive ground-based detectors found another 32 moons, most of which were discovered by a team led by Scott S. Sheppard and David C. Jewitt.

For ground-based thrust tests, a rocket nozzle with an expansion ratio of 10: 1 is used, differing from the 25: 1 nozzle used at altitude during actual flight.

For millennia, each successive mark of Bolo proved to be the lynchpin of humanity's ground-based defenses, especially in the numerous and protracted wars against various aliens, most notably the Deng and the Melconians in the 30th century.

For this program they developed the first cardio tachometer and respiration rate monitor system so that a ground-based physician could observe an astronaut's vital signs.

For these reasons, the keraunic number has been replaced by more accurate Flash Density maps, which collect data from both ground-based and satellite lightning detectors.

For example, the randomization-based analysis results in a small but ( strictly ) negative correlation between the observations.

For stars, in the absence of extensive observations at many wavelengths, it usually must be computed assuming an effective temperature.

For example, the first assumption has been tested by observations showing that largest possible deviation of the fine structure constant over much of the age of the universe is of order 10 < sup >− 5 </ sup >.

For one thing, if verbal reports are treated as observations, akin to observations in other branches of science, then the possibility arises that they may contain errors — but it is difficult to make sense of the idea that subjects could be wrong about their own experiences, and even more difficult to see how such an error could be detected.

For Avicenna ( Ibn Sina ), for example, the a tabula rasa is a pure potentiality that is actualized through education, and knowledge is attained through " empirical familiarity with objects in this world from which one abstracts universal concepts " developed through a " syllogistic method of reasoning in which observations lead to propositional statements which when compounded lead to further abstract concepts.

For example, the Survey of Professional Forecasters contains forecasts for many forecasters ( cross-sectional observations ), at many points in time ( time series observations ), and at multiple forecast horizons ( a third dimension ).

For this he certainly made use of the observations and perhaps the mathematical techniques accumulated over centuries by the Chaldeans from Babylonia.

For applications where the solution is dependent on some data, the cost must necessarily be a function of the observations, otherwise we would not be modelling anything related to the data.

* For UT: analysis of historical observations show that ΔT has a long-term increase of + 31 s / cy < sup > 2 </ sup >.

For this reason, much of what is known about quarks has been drawn from observations of the hadrons themselves.

For solar observations, filters allow direct observation of the sun.

For uncorrelated observations with standard deviations, the weighted sample mean has standard deviation

For example, if some scientists may conclude that certain observations confirm a specific hypothesis, skeptical colleagues may suspect that something is wrong with the test equipment.

For large numbers the Poisson distribution approaches a normal distribution, typically making shot noise in actual observations indistinguishable from true Gaussian noise except when the elementary events ( photons, electrons, etc.

For accurate astronomical work on land, it was usual to observe sidereal time rather than solar time to measure mean solar time, because the observations of ' fixed ' stars could be measured and reduced more accurately than observations of the Sun ( in spite of the need to make various small compensations, for refraction, aberration, precession, nutation and proper motion ).

For a few years during the mid-1990s, observations suggested that this might be the case, causing astrophysicists to talk about a Big Bang nucleosynthetic crisis, but further observations were consistent with the Big Bang theory.

For a long time, this meant that to test BBN theory against observations one had to ask: can all of the light element observations be explained with a single value of the baryon-to-photon ratio?

For example, some likelihood functions are for the parameters that explain a collection of statistically independent observations.

For a set of independent and identically distributed observations, it may be shown that repeated application of the above is equivalent to

For almost two millennia, the geocentric model had been accepted by all but a few astronomers.

For the first time, astronomers can see simultaneous UV and X-ray images of a comet.

For decades after the discovery of GRBs, astronomers searched for a counterpart at other wavelengths: i. e., any astronomical object in positional coincidence with a recently observed burst.

* For the first time, historical records show that Chinese astronomers observe the appearance of Halley's Comet.

For the most part, these were too difficult to be used by anyone except professional astronomers.

For the main mission results, the data analysis was carried out by two independent scientific teams, NDAC and FAST, together comprising some 100 astronomers and scientists, mostly from European ( ESA-member state ) institutes.

For many years, a growing problem in astronomical research ( as in other academic disciplines ) was that the number of papers published in the major astronomical journals was increasing steadily, meaning astronomers were able to read less and less of the latest research findings.

For example, Gemini astronomers, along with their collaborators at the 10m W. M. Keck Observatory, recently announced the first images of an extra solar system with three detected planets circling their parent star, an A-type star known as HR 8799.

For medieval Islamic astronomers, there was an obvious challenge to find a simpler trigonometric method.

For Messier 56, the abundance of elements other than hydrogen and helium, what astronomers term the metallicity, has a very low value of = – 2. 00 dex.

For the next two and a half centuries, Io remained an unresolved, 5th-magnitude point of light in astronomers ' telescopes.

For approximating when complete darkness begins, some astronomers argue that it occurs when the sun has descended 15 degrees below the horizon while others use the safer of 18 degrees.

For similar reasons, astronomers in Arizona helped push the governor there to veto a bill in 2012 which would have lifted a ban on illuminated billboards.

For example, astronomers frequently select galaxies from B-band catalogs, which are the most complete, and use these B band magnitudes, but the distances for the galaxies are calculated using the Tully-Fisher relation and the H band.

For example, the heavy elements within the SiC grains are almost pure S-process isotopes, fitting their condensation within AGB star red giant winds inasmuch as the AGB stars are the main source of S-process nucleosynthesis and have atmospheres observed by astronomers to be highly enriched in dredged-up s process elements.

For nearby stars astronomers use heliocentric coordinates, with the center of the Sun as the origin.