For lower frequencies of EMR up to those of visible light ( i. e., radio, microwave, infrared ), the damage done to cells and also to many ordinary materials under such conditions is determined mainly by heating effects, and thus by the radiation power.

For this reason, infrared is reflected by metals ( as is most EMR into the ultraviolet ) but is absorbed by a wide range of substances, causing them to increase in temperature as the vibrations dissipate as heat.

For this reason, infrared, microwaves, and radio waves are thought to damage molecules and biological tissue only by bulk heating, not excitation from single photons of the radiation ( however, there does remain controversy about possible non-thermal biological damage from low frequency EM radiation, see below ).

For these thermal effects, the frequency of the radiation is important only as it affects radiation penetration into the organism ( for example microwaves penetrate better than infrared ).

For commonly used fluorescent compounds, typical excited state decay times for photon emissions with energies from the UV to near infrared are within the range of 0. 5 to 20 nanoseconds.

For ground-based observations, astronomers observe the tail of the black-body radiation in the far infrared.

For example, both Bluetooth radio and invisible infrared light provides a WPAN for interconnecting a headset to a laptop.

For example, an ultraviolet laser that emits at a wavelength of 308 nm will have a lower divergence than an infrared laser at 808 nm, if both have the same minimum beam diameter.

For this reason, the near infrared region of the spectrum is commonly incorporated as part of the " optical " spectrum, along with the near ultraviolet.

For this reason, most infrared telescopes are built in very dry places at high altitude, so that they are above most of the water vapor in the atmosphere.

For example, the inspiration for the infrared sensor came from the thermosensitive pit organ of rattlesnake.

For instance, the MQ-9 Reaper, a U. S. drone plane used for domestic operations by the Department of Homeland Security, carries cameras that are capable of identifying an object the size of a milk carton from altitudes of 60, 000 feet, and has forward-looking infrared devices that can detect the heat from a human body at distances of up to 60 kilometers.

For astrophotography, many photogenic targets ( such as emission nebulae ) are bright in the far red and near infrared.

For a terrestrial planet, the contrast ratio of planet to its host stars is approximately ~ 10 < sup >− 6 </ sup >- 10 < sup >− 7 </ sup > in the thermal infrared or ~ 10 < sup >− 9 </ sup >- 10 < sup >− 10 </ sup > in the optical / near infrared.

For this reason, Darwin and Terrestrial Planet Finder-I will work in the thermal infrared.

For example, it is possible to store x-ray and infrared exposures in the same file.

For the thermal vision, infrared film could not be used because it did not register in the range of body temperature wavelengths.

For example, at the 1-loop order, the vertex function has both ultraviolet and infrared divergences.

For case 1 ), for example, one can assemble data from a number of samples, including concentrations for an analyte of interest for each sample ( the reference ) and the corresponding infrared spectrum of that sample.

For example near-infrared spectra, which are extremely broad and non-selective compared to other analytical techniques ( such as infrared or Raman spectra ), can often be used successfully in conjunction with carefully developed multivariate calibration methods to predict concentrations of analytes in very complex matrices.

For example, in Fairchild Semiconductor's QSE15x family of infrared photosensors, an amplified infrared photodiode generates an electric signal that switches frequently between its absolute lowest value and its absolute highest value.

For example, formation of synapses in the frontal cortex peaks during human infancy, and recent experiments using near infrared spectroscopy to gather neuroimaging data from infants suggests that activity in the frontal cortex is associated with successful completion of object permanence tasks.

For any pencil in a plane containing a Af-fold secant of **zg has an image regulus which meets the plane of the pencil in Af lines, namely the images of the lines of the pencil which pass through the intersection of **zg and the multiple secant, plus an additional component to account for the intersections of the images of the general lines of the pencil.

For example, given two image elements A and B, the most common compositing operation is to combine the images such that A appears in the foreground and B appears in the background.

For movie animations, several images ( frames ) must be rendered, and stitched together in a program capable of making an animation of this sort.

For these reasons, rasterization is usually the approach of choice when interactive rendering is required ; however, the pixel-by-pixel approach can often produce higher-quality images and is more versatile because it does not depend on as many assumptions about the image as rasterization.

For agent does not have complete control over what chance images and other thoughts enter his mind or influence his deliberation.

For images of fractal patterns, this has been expressed by phrases such as " smoothly piling up surfaces " and " swirls upon swirls ".

For example, Graffiti Research Lab has encouraged the use of projected images and magnetic light-emitting diodes as new media for graffiti writers.

For example, the economist Irving Fisher said in a 1912 address to the Eugenics Research Association: " The Nordic race will ... vanish or lose its dominance if, in fact, the whole human race does not sink so low as to become the prey, as H. G. Wells images, of some less degenerate animal!

For example, Joseph Goering of the University of Toronto has identified sources for Grail imagery in 12th century wall paintings from churches in the Catalan Pyrenees ( now mostly removed to the Museu Nacional d ' Art de Catalunya, Barcelona ), which present unique iconic images of the Virgin Mary holding a bowl that radiates tongues of fire, images that predate the first literary account by Chrétien de Troyes.

For images, this step can be repeated by taking the difference to the top pixel, and then in videos, the difference to the pixel in the next frame can be taken.

For 3D deconvolution, one typically provides a series of images derived from different focal planes ( called a Z-stack ) plus the knowledge of the PSF, which can be derived either experimentally or theoretically from knowing all contributing parameters of the microscope.

For example, in a print called " Reptiles ", he combined two and three-dimensional images.

For example, a non-identity finite group is simple if and only if it is isomorphic to all of its non-identity homomorphic images, a finite group is perfect if and only if it has no normal subgroups of prime index, and a group is imperfect if and only if the derived subgroup is not supplemented by any proper normal subgroup.

For flat mirrors, the law of reflection implies that images of objects are upright and the same distance behind the mirror as the objects are in front of the mirror.

For the first several decades of television broadcasting, sets displayed images with a 4: 3 aspect ratio in which the width is 1. 33 times the height — similar to most theatrical films prior to 1960.

For Pi Day 2010, Google presented a Google Doodle celebrating the holiday, with the word Google laid over images of circles and pi symbols.

For images with a modest range of brightnesses from the darkest to the lightest, eight bits per primary color provides good-quality images, but extreme images require more bits per primary color as well as advanced display technology.

For the same reason, BSE imaging can image colloidal gold immuno-labels of 5 or 10 nm diameter, which would otherwise be difficult or impossible to detect in secondary electron images in biological specimens.

For a given geometric figure in a given geometric space, consider the following equivalence relation: two automorphisms of space are equivalent if and only if the two images of the figure are the same ( here " the same " does not mean something like e. g. " the same up to translation and rotation ", but it means " exactly the same ").

For instance a US weekly magazine used two images of Derrida, a photo and a caricature, to illustrate a " dossier " on the Sokal article in which Derrida's name didn't appear once.

For instance, text-analyzing techniques can now be easily bypassed by using other words, metaphors for instance, or by using images in place of words.