For internal political reasons, the union asks for ( and accepts ) increases in the basic wage rate, and would vigorously oppose a reduction in this rate, but the adjustment of the basic wage rate upwards is essentially up to the discretion of the companies of the industry.

For most speakers ( even native speakers ), this form of the language is generally difficult to understand, as it contains many highly specialised terms for diplomatic, internal, official, and military matters.

For a simple substance, during an adiabatic process in which the volume increases, the internal energy of the working substance must decrease

For an ideal gas, the temperature remains constant because the internal energy only depends on temperature in that case.

For an ideal gas the internal energy is given by

For instance, internal aerodynamics encompasses the study of the airflow through a jet engine or through an air conditioning pipe.

For instance, F could be expanded into an expression for the frictional force acting on an internal flow.

For example, the internal clock frequency of the original IBM PC was 4. 77 MHz, that is, Hz.

For the vehicle engine, see internal combustion engine.

For example, it can be detected in the exhaust of internal combustion engines and tobacco smoke.

Nonetheless, Wilson believed that, in all cases, corporations “ should be erected with caution, and inspected with care .” The actions of corporations were clearly circumscribed: “ To every corporation a name must be assigned ; and by that name alone it can perform legal acts .” For non-binding external actions or transactions, corporations enjoyed the same latitude as private individuals ; but it was with an eye to internal affairs that many saw principal advantage in incorporation.

For a spinning object, internal tensile stress provides the centripetal forces that make the parts of the object trace out circular motions.

For example, sales data might be aggregated to weekly totals and converted from internal product codes to use UPCs so that it can be compared with ACNielsen data.

For example, changes in the internal level do not affect application programs written using conceptual level interfaces, which saves substantial change work that would be needed otherwise.

For quasistatic processes under constant pressure, ΔH is equal to the change in the internal energy of the system, plus the work that the system has done on its surroundings.

For example, one of IBM's FORTRAN compilers ( H Extended IUP ) had a level of optimization which reordered the machine code instructions to keep multiple internal arithmetic units busy simultaneously.

For example, in his writings about a young man afflicted with the plague, he concentrated on the treatment of internal and external ulcerations.

For internal combustion engines in the form of jet engines, the power output varies drastically with airspeed and a less variable measure is used: thrust specific fuel consumption ( TSFC ), which is the number of pounds of propellant needed to generate impulses that measure a pound force-hour.

For example, Bernard Williams ( 1981 ) argues that there are really only internal reasons for action.

For more advanced systems, during one phase of its working loop, the processor set its " internal state byte " on the data bus.

" For the Asharis it is centred on internal taṣdīḳjudgment of veracity, for the Māturīdī-Ḥanafīs on the expressed profession of faith and the adherence of the heart, for the Muʿtazilīs on the performance of the ' prescribed duties ', for the Ḥanbalīs and the Wahhābīs on the profession of faith and the performance of the basic duties.

For both Marx and Hegel, self-development begins with an experience of internal alienation stemming from this recognition, followed by a realisation that the actual self, as a subjective agent, renders its potential counterpart an object to be apprehended.

For example, in internal conversion decay, the energy from an excited nucleus may be used to eject one of the inner orbital electrons from the atom, in a process which produces high speed electrons, but is not beta decay, and ( unlike beta decay ) does not transmute one element to another.

For a generic solid object without any axis of symmetry, the evolution of the object's orientation, represented ( for example ) by a rotation matrix that transforms internal to external coordinates, may be numerically simulated.

For example for internal combustion engines, single and two-cylinder designs are common in smaller vehicles such as motorcycles, while automobiles typically have between four and eight, and locomotives, and ships may have a dozen cylinders or more.

For an example let's dream up an engine that has a final combustion chamber volume of 5 cubic inches and a cylinder volume of 45 cubic inches.

For combustion without external ignition, see spontaneous combustion.

For example, sulfur trioxide is not produced quantitatively in combustion of sulfur.

For most fuels, such as diesel oil, coal or wood, pyrolysis occurs before combustion.

For example, the incomplete combustion of propane is:

For example, excess combustion air of 15 percent means that 15 percent more than the required stoichiometric air is being used.

For example, an alchemical paradigm might describe the act of wood burning as the wood " releasing its essence of elemental Fire ," while modern science would describe fire as " combustion resulting from a complex chemical reaction.

For example, Galileo Galilei was able to accurately measure time and experiment to make accurate measurements and conclusions about the speed of a falling body. Antoine Lavoisier was a French chemist in the late 1700s who used experiment to describe new areas such as combustion and biochemistry and to develop the theory of conservation of mass ( matter ).

For purposes of commerce, sails have been greatly superseded by other forms of propulsion, such as the internal combustion engine.

For example, materials used in aerospace, power generation and even in car engines have to resist sustained periods at high temperature in which they may be exposed to an atmosphere containing potentially highly corrosive products of combustion.

For electric driving the clutch between the internal combustion engine is open while the clutch to the gear box is engaged.

For example, the Space Shuttle's main engines used turbopumps ( machines consisting of a pump driven by a turbine engine ) to feed the propellants ( liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen ) into the engine's combustion chamber.

For example, internal combustion engine pistons used to be installed manually.

For large units, the taller furnace characteristics of CFBC boilers offers better space utilization, greater fuel particle and sorbent residence time for efficient combustion and SO2 capture, and easier application of staged combustion techniques for NOx control than AFBC steam generators.

For conventional combustion motor cars, the energy is lost when chemical energy in fossil fuels is converted to mechanical energy, most of which goes to waste as lost heat.

For instance, a well-known chemical kinetics scheme, GRI-Mech, uses 53 species and 325 elementary reactions to describe combustion of biogas.

For example, the oxidation of iron under the atmosphere is a slow reaction that can take many years, but the combustion of butane in a fire is a reaction that takes place in fractions of a second.

For example, platinum catalyzes the combustion of hydrogen with oxygen at room temperature.

For paper, there is considerable variation between sources, partially because it takes longer for the combustion of paper to start at lower temperatures.