: For other uses, including other legal terms, see Barratry

For instance, the local charter of the Basque-colonized Ojacastro valley ( now in La Rioja ) allowed the inhabitants to use Basque in legal processes in the 13th and 14th centuries.

For example, many commercial contracts are more economically efficient, and create greater wealth, because the parties know ahead of time that the proposed arrangement, though perhaps close to the line, is almost certainly legal.

For example, following the American Revolution in 1776, one of the first legislative acts undertaken by each of the newly independent states was to adopt a " reception statute " that gave legal effect to the existing body of English common law to the extent that American legislation or the Constitution had not explicitly rejected English law.

For example, a calendar provides a way to determine which days are religious or civil holidays, which days mark the beginning and end of business accounting periods, and which days have legal significance, such as the day taxes are due or a contract expires.

For example, Panama and El Salvador have declared U. S. currency to be legal tender, and from 1791 – 1857, Spanish silver coins were legal tender in the United States.

For example, recently several bird classified as threatened with extinction appeared in the legal wild bird trade because the CITES process never considered their status.

Nonetheless, Wilson believed that, in all cases, corporations “ should be erected with caution, and inspected with care .” The actions of corporations were clearly circumscribed: “ To every corporation a name must be assigned ; and by that name alone it can perform legal acts .” For non-binding external actions or transactions, corporations enjoyed the same latitude as private individuals ; but it was with an eye to internal affairs that many saw principal advantage in incorporation.

For example, comparative law can help international legal institutions, such as those of the United Nations System, in analyzing the laws of different countries regarding their treaty obligations.

For example, Duncan Kennedy, in explicit reference to semiotics and deconstruction procedures, maintains that various legal doctrines are constructed around the binary pairs of opposed concepts, each of which with a claim upon intuitive and formal forms of reasoning that must be made explicit, not only in their meaning but also its relative value, and criticized.

For example, Canada has passed legislation favouring the International System of Units, while also maintaining legal definitions for traditional Canadian imperial units.

For these social and religious reasons, most legal jurisdictions limit gambling.

For more than 400 years, Tripolitania and Cyrenaica were wealthy Roman provinces and part of a cosmopolitan state whose citizens shared a common language, legal system, and Roman identity.

For this reason, however, ' narcotic ' has come to mean any illegally used drug, but it is useful as a shorthand for referring to a controlled drug in a context where its legal status is more important than its physiological effects.

For the national parliament, Indonesian Democratic Party-Struggle ( PDI-P, led by Sukarno's daughter Megawati Sukarnoputri ) won 34 % of the vote ; Golkar ( Suharto's party ; formerly the only legal party of government ) 22 %; United Development Party ( PPP, led by Hamzah Haz ) 12 %; and National Awakening Party ( PKB, led by Abdurrahman Wahid ) 10 %.

For the purpose of legal entitlement, therefore, part or all of S3 is the same as S1.

For example, vehicle insurance would typically cover both the property risk ( theft or damage to the vehicle ) and the liability risk ( legal claims arising from an accident ).

For his one-day Italian trip, Ribbentrop was accompanied by a staff of thirty-five, including a gymnastics coach, a masseur, a doctor, two hairdressers, plus various legal and economic experts from the Foreign Office.

For a legal backup, the German German Restitution Laws ( Bundesentschädigungsgesetz ) were passed in 1956, allowing individuals and other ethnic groups than Jews to lay claims for compensation from the German state, if they were victims of Nazi prosecution.

For example, judiciary decisions may set legal precedents.

( For instance, in some elected monarchies only those of certain pedigrees are considered eligible, whereas many hereditary monarchies have legal requirements regarding the religion, age, gender, mental capacity, and other factors that act both as de facto elections and to create situations of rival claimants whose legitimacy is subject to effective election.

For many years Robinson also worked as legal advisor for the Campaign for Homosexual Law Reform with future Trinity College senator David Norris.

For the purposes of authentication, most countries require commercial or personal documents which originate from or are signed in another country to be notarized before they can be used or officially recorded or before they can have any legal effect.

For instance, certain political funding practices that are legal in one place may be illegal in another.

For a long time, scholars believed that the alphorn had been derived from the Roman-Etruscan lituus, because of their resemblance in shape, and because of the word liti, meaning Alphorn in the dialect of Obwalden.

For over a century biblical scholars believed that Chronicles and the narrative portions of Ezra-Nehemiah came from the same author, but many scholars now believe this to be improbable.

For many years, cardinal Giovanni di San Paolo ( elevated in 1193 ) was identified as member of the Colonna family and therefore its first representative in the College of Cardinals, but modern scholars have established that this was based on the false information from the beginning of 16th century.

For example, current scholars of China tend to question the question, and look heavily at the assumptions within a question before attempting to answer it.

For scholars working on these issues from a variety of perspectives see the works of Bertell Ollman, Roger Albritton, and Roy Bhaskar.

For some scholars, a dictatorship is a form of government that has the power to govern without consent of those being governed ( similar to authoritarianism ), while totalitarianism describes a state that regulates nearly every aspect of public and private behavior of the people.

For a given word there may often have been many serious attempts by scholars to propose etymologies based on the best information available at the time, and these can be later modified or rejected as linguistic scholarship advances.

For most scholars, the Q collection accounts for what the gospels of Luke and Matthew share but are not found in Mark.

For many reasons scholars today believe otherwise — for example, the gospel is based on Mark, and " it seems unlikely that an eyewitness of Jesus's ministry, such as Matthew, would need to rely on others for information about it "— and believe instead that it was written between about 80 – 90 AD by a highly educated Jew ( an " Israelite ", in the language of the gospel itself ), intimately familiar with the technical aspects of Jewish law, standing on the boundary between traditional and non-traditional Jewish values.

For much of the 20th century most scholars agreed that the five books of the Pentateuch — Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy — came from four sources, the Yahwist, the Elohist, the Deuteronomist and the Priestly source, each telling the same basic story, and joined together by various editors.

For modern scholars " the date of Homer " refers not to an individual, but to the period when the epics were created.

For similar reasons, Barker and other scholars have criticized mental health professionals like Margaret Singer for accepting lucrative expert witness jobs in court cases involving NRMs.

For example, many 18th-and 19th-century scholars, including Samuel Johnson, Lewis Theobald, George Steevens, Edmond Malone, and James Halliwell-Phillipps, placed the composition of Henry VIII prior to 1604, as they believed Elizabeth's execution of Mary, Queen of Scots ( the then king James I's mother ) made any vigorous defence of the Tudors politically inappropriate in the England of James I. Oxfordians cite these sources to place the composition of the play within Oxford's lifetime.

For a long time, scholars believed him to be identical with the 12th-century canon lawyer and theologian Master Roland of Bologna, who composed the " Stroma " or " Summa Rolandi "— one of the earliest commentaries on the Decretum of Gratian — and the " Sententiae Rolandi ", a sentence collection displaying the influence of Pierre Abélard.

For example, modern scholars have noted the echoes of Sappho fr.

For questions not directly addressed in the primary sources, the application of sharia is extended through consensus of the religious scholars ( ulama ) thought to embody the consensus of the Muslim Community ( ijma ).

For these ( and other ) reasons, some scholars avoid using the term " sound law " — reasoning that a law should not have spatial and temporal limitations — replacing the term with phonetic rule.

For example, what scholars call Tantric Shaivism was known to its practitioners as the, Tantric Buddhism has the indigenous name of the Vajrayana, and Tantric Vaishnavism was known as the.

For several reasons, modern scholars depend more heavily on the Arian accounts than the Catholic accounts.

For more information see Murdered scholars of UCA

For one thing, some critics rely on psychocriticism as a " one size fits all " approach, when other literary scholars argue that no one approach can adequately illuminate or interpret a complex work of art.

For the decades to follow, scientists and scholars believed the ancient descriptions of a sacred, inspiring pneuma to be fallacious.

For the purpose of the study of legends, in the academic discipline of folkloristics, the truth value of legends is irrelevant because, whether the story told is true or not, the fact that the story is being told at all allows scholars to use it as commentary upon the cultures that produce or circulate the legends.