For example, in the solar wind together with ionized hydrogen, the particles interact with the Earth's magnetosphere giving rise to Birkeland currents and the aurora.

For example, until the Tannaitic period ( approximately 10 – 220 CE ) the months were set by observation of a new crescent moon, with an additional month added every two or three years to correct for the difference between twelve lunar months and the solar year, and therefore, to keep Passover in the spring.

For example, in the Gregorian calendar ( a common solar calendar ), February in a leap year has 29 days instead of the usual 28, so the year lasts 366 days instead of the usual 365.

For planetary science, the magnetopause is the boundary between the planet ’ s magnetic field and the solar wind.

For example, microbial payloads launched by solar sails at speeds up to 0. 0001 c ( 30, 000 m / s ) would reach targets at 10 to 100 light-years in 0. 1 million to 1 million years.

For example, the earth is subject to local torque induced precession due to the gravity of the sun and moon acting upon the earth ’ s axis, but at the same time the solar system is moving around the galactic center.

For rocks dating back to the beginning of the solar system, this requires extremely long-lived parent isotopes, making measurement of such rocks ' exact ages imprecise.

For example, from 1900 to the 1960s the solar maxima trend of sunspot count has been upward ; from the 1960s to the present, it has diminished somewhat.

For solar energy available from sunlight, see Insolation.

For this reason this interaction is dominated by electron neutrinos, and this is the channel through which the Super-Kamiokande ( Super-K ) detector can observe solar neutrinos.

For locations in the solar system with weaker gravity than Earth's ( such as the Moon or Mars ), the strength-to-density requirements aren't as great for tether materials.

For both solar thermal and nuclear power generation in airless environments, such as the Moon and space, and to a lesser extent the very thin Martian atmosphere, one of the main difficulties is dispersing the inevitable heat generated.

: For velocity change requirements to get to different places in the solar system, see delta-v budget

For example, an autotrophic self-replicating machine could cover a moon or planet with solar cells, and beam the power to the Earth using microwaves.

For example, the lunar tidal acceleration at the Earth's surface along the Moon-Earth axis is about 1. 1 × 10 < sup >− 7 </ sup > g, while the solar tidal acceleration at the Earth's surface along the Sun-Earth axis is about 0. 52 × 10 < sup >− 7 </ sup > g, where g is the gravitational acceleration at the Earth's surface.

For example, the University of Toledo and Bowling Green State University received Ohio grants for solar energy research.

For example, to test Newton's Law of Gravitation in our solar system, one needs information about the masses and positions of the Sun and all the planets.

For deep potash deposits hot water is injected into the potash which is dissolved and then pumped to the surface where it is concentrated by solar induced evaporation.

For a sail in the solar wind one AU away from the Sun, the field strength required to resist the dynamic pressure of the solar wind is 50 nT.

For spacecraft near the Sun, solar panels are frequently used to generate electrical power.

For example, if the sun were a Lambertian radiator, one would expect to see a constant brightness across the entire solar disc.

For accurate astronomical work on land, it was usual to observe sidereal time rather than solar time to measure mean solar time, because the observations of ' fixed ' stars could be measured and reduced more accurately than observations of the Sun ( in spite of the need to make various small compensations, for refraction, aberration, precession, nutation and proper motion ).

For example, the randomization-based analysis results in a small but ( strictly ) negative correlation between the observations.

For stars, in the absence of extensive observations at many wavelengths, it usually must be computed assuming an effective temperature.

For example, the first assumption has been tested by observations showing that largest possible deviation of the fine structure constant over much of the age of the universe is of order 10 < sup >− 5 </ sup >.

For one thing, if verbal reports are treated as observations, akin to observations in other branches of science, then the possibility arises that they may contain errors — but it is difficult to make sense of the idea that subjects could be wrong about their own experiences, and even more difficult to see how such an error could be detected.

For Avicenna ( Ibn Sina ), for example, the a tabula rasa is a pure potentiality that is actualized through education, and knowledge is attained through " empirical familiarity with objects in this world from which one abstracts universal concepts " developed through a " syllogistic method of reasoning in which observations lead to propositional statements which when compounded lead to further abstract concepts.

For example, the Survey of Professional Forecasters contains forecasts for many forecasters ( cross-sectional observations ), at many points in time ( time series observations ), and at multiple forecast horizons ( a third dimension ).

For this he certainly made use of the observations and perhaps the mathematical techniques accumulated over centuries by the Chaldeans from Babylonia.

For applications where the solution is dependent on some data, the cost must necessarily be a function of the observations, otherwise we would not be modelling anything related to the data.

* For UT: analysis of historical observations show that ΔT has a long-term increase of + 31 s / cy < sup > 2 </ sup >.

For this reason, much of what is known about quarks has been drawn from observations of the hadrons themselves.

For ground-based observations, astronomers observe the tail of the black-body radiation in the far infrared.

For uncorrelated observations with standard deviations, the weighted sample mean has standard deviation

For example, if some scientists may conclude that certain observations confirm a specific hypothesis, skeptical colleagues may suspect that something is wrong with the test equipment.

For large numbers the Poisson distribution approaches a normal distribution, typically making shot noise in actual observations indistinguishable from true Gaussian noise except when the elementary events ( photons, electrons, etc.

For a few years during the mid-1990s, observations suggested that this might be the case, causing astrophysicists to talk about a Big Bang nucleosynthetic crisis, but further observations were consistent with the Big Bang theory.

For a long time, this meant that to test BBN theory against observations one had to ask: can all of the light element observations be explained with a single value of the baryon-to-photon ratio?

For example, some likelihood functions are for the parameters that explain a collection of statistically independent observations.

For a set of independent and identically distributed observations, it may be shown that repeated application of the above is equivalent to

For practical filters, a custom design is sometimes desirable, that can offer the best tradeoff between different design criteria, which may include component count and cost, as well as filter response characteristics.

For example, many sewage treatment plants include a treatment stage in which waste water passes over biofilms grown on filters, which extract and digest organic compounds.

For example, in order to perform digital filters fast enough, the MAC instruction in a typical digital signal processor ( DSP ) must be implemented using a kind of Harvard architecture that can fetch an instruction and two data words simultaneously, and it requires a single-cycle multiply – accumulate multiplier.

For example, a building in a high-dust environment, or a home with furry pets, will need to have the filters changed more often than buildings without these dirt loads.

For the distinctive cinematography, Altman and Zsigmond chose to " flash ' ( pre-fog ) the actual film negative, as well as use a number of filters on the cameras, rather than manipulate the film in post-production ; in this way the studio could not force him to change the film's look to something less distinctive.

For discrete filters the computational complexity is more or less proportional to the number of filter coefficients.

For high quality filters, dissolving pulp and mercerised pulp are used.

For laboratory filters the machines may be as small as 50 cm width.

For drinking water, membrane filters can remove virtually all particles larger than 0. 2 um — including giardia and cryptosporidium.

For polychromatic sources, wavelength ranges can be selected using filters.

For AEM-7ACs 916, 918, 924, 901 and 905 prior to their FY 2006 overhauls, their air filters were located around the sides of pantographs and like their DC counterparts, the resistors were on the middle of the roof.

** For notch filters, the degree to which unwanted signals at the notch frequency must be rejected determines the accuracy of the components, but not the Q, which is governed by desired steepness of the notch, i. e. the bandwidth around the notch before attenuation becomes small.

** For high-pass and low-pass ( as well as band-pass filters far from the center frequency ), the required rejection may determine the slope of attenuation needed, and thus the " order " of the filter.

For square filters, 2 ″ × 2 ″, 3 ″ × 3 ″ and 4 ″ × 4 ″ were historically very common and are still made by some manufacturers.

For instance, Bayesian spam filters will typically have learned a very high spam probability for the words " Viagra " and " refinance ", but a very low spam probability for words seen only in legitimate email, such as the names of friends and family members.

For allowing anisotropy measurements the addition of two polarization filters are necessary: One after the excitation monochromator or filter, and one before the emission monochromator or filter.

* For any poset, the set of all non-empty filters, ordered by subset inclusion, is a dcpo.

For luminance, the scaling is done using a pair of matching low-pass and high-pass filters, with the low-pass result appearing in the broadcast.

For this reason, some Web developers have instead recommended either avoiding specifying both width and padding for the same element or using conditional comment and / or CSS filters to work around the box model bug in older versions of Internet Explorer.

For this reason many super-telephoto lenses often incorporate yellow filters or coatings to enhance image contrast.

For maximum efficiency of particle removal and to decrease resistance to airflow through the filter, particulate filters are designed to keep the velocity of air passing through the filter medium as low as possible.

For each user rate, the modem changes the 2B1Q transmission rate, employing different filters and equalizer settings.

For the latter reason especially, drum-style humidifiers should always be turned off at the water supply during summer ( air conditioning ) months, and should always be used with high quality furnace air filters ( MERV ratings as high as possible to ensure small numbers of mold spores reaching the humidifier's pan ) when the water supply is turned on.

For spectral discrimination, STX employed wide-band filters installed on a filter wheel.