Another advantage of the use of virtual circuits comes with the ability to use them as a multiplexing layer, allowing different services ( such as voice, Frame Relay, n * 64 channels, IP ).

In theory, Frame Relay can operate over the D channel of BRIs and PRIs, but it is seldom, if ever, used.

MPLS supports a range of access technologies, including T1 / E1, ATM, Frame Relay, and DSL.

The primary benefit is to eliminate dependence on a particular OSI model data link layer technology, such as Asynchronous Transfer Mode ( ATM ), Frame Relay, Synchronous Optical Networking ( SONET ) or Ethernet, and eliminate the need for multiple layer-2 networks to satisfy different types of traffic.

A number of different technologies were previously deployed with essentially identical goals, such as Frame Relay and ATM.

At the same time, MPLS attempts to preserve the traffic engineering and out-of-band control that made Frame Relay and ATM attractive for deploying large-scale networks.

In many respects, LSPs are not different from permanent virtual circuits ( PVCs ) in ATM or Frame Relay networks, except that they are not dependent on a particular layer-2 technology.

MPLS can make use of existing ATM network or Frame Relay infrastructure, as its labeled flows can be mapped to ATM or Frame Relay virtual-circuit identifiers, and vice versa.

MPLS LSPs provide dynamic, transparent virtual networks with support for traffic engineering, the ability to transport layer-3 ( IP ) VPNs with overlapping address spaces, and support for layer-2 pseudowires using Pseudowire Emulation Edge-to-Edge ( PWE3 ) that are capable of transporting a variety of transport payloads ( IPv4, IPv6, ATM, Frame Relay, etc .).

Frame Relay aimed to make more efficient use of existing physical resources, which allow for the underprovisioning of data services by telecommunications companies ( telcos ) to their customers, as clients were unlikely to be utilizing a data service 100 percent of the time.

In more recent years, Frame Relay has acquired a bad reputation in some markets because of excessive bandwidth overbooking by these telcos.

Telcos often sell Frame Relay to businesses looking for a cheaper alternative to dedicated lines ; its use in different geographic areas depended greatly on governmental and telecommunication companies ' policies.

AT & T is currently ( as of June 2007 ) the largest Frame Relay service provider in the United States, with local networks in 22 states, plus national and international networks.

This number is expected to change between 2007 and 2009 when most of these Frame Relay contracts expire.

Many customers are likely to migrate from Frame Relay to MPLS over IP or Ethernet within the next two years, which in many cases will reduce costs and improve manageability and performance of their wide area networks.

X. 25 was an important early WAN protocol, and is often considered to be the " grandfather " of Frame Relay as many of the underlying protocols and functions of X. 25 are still in use today ( with upgrades ) by Frame Relay.

Frame Relay is a standardized wide area network technology that specifies the physical and logical link layers of digital telecommunications channels using a packet switching methodology.

Network providers commonly implement Frame Relay for voice ( VoFR ) and data as an encapsulation technique, used between local area networks ( LANs ) over a wide area network ( WAN ).

Each end-user gets a private line ( or leased line ) to a Frame Relay node.

Protocols including Packet over SONET / SDH, MPLS, ATM and Frame relay are often used by service providers to deliver the links that are used in WANs.

Frame Relay connections are often given a committed information rate ( CIR ) and an allowance of burstable bandwidth known as the extended information rate ( EIR ).

Telcos often sell Frame Relay to businesses looking for a cheaper alternative to dedicated lines ; its use in different geographic areas depended greatly on governmental and telecommunication companies ' policies.

Frame rate is most often expressed in frames per second ( FPS ) and is also expressed in progressive scan monitors as hertz ( Hz ).

Flicker Frame Video, often called FLKR Frame, is a method of modifying poor-quality video files into files that trick the human eye into seeing a clearer and better image in a video.

Frame stories are often organized as a gathering of people in one place for the exchange of stories.

The Japanese market does not apply any of the international VIN systems ; instead, Japan uses a Frame Number, which is a string of 9 to 12 alphanumeric characters often identifying a particular make and model, and a serial number of the vehicle.

Frame bags often use a kissing lock closure, with two interlocking metal beads set on the top of the frame.

These Combined Frame Stretcher & Spring Brackets are often referred to as " sub-frames ".

Frame and panel construction ( also called " rail and stile ") is a woodworking technique often used in the making of doors, wainscoting, and other decorative features for cabinets, furniture, and homes.

Theologian John Frame has called Kline " the most impressive biblical theologian of my lifetime ," adding that Kline's work " is orthodox, yet often original, and it always provides rich analysis of Scripture.

It serves to explain the war between Earth and Mars, and the origin of the Orbital Frame technology.

Frame Relay switches create virtual circuits to connect remote LANs to a WAN.

With the extension of digital services in the 1980s leased lines were used to connect customer premises to Frame Relay or ATM networks.

Rather than incoming trunks having appearances on the ordinary Line Link Frame for transfer purposes, Centrex III ( or Phase 3 Centrex ) had a separate four stage Transfer Network of six-wire crossbar switches to connect to a Transfer Trunk.

The designers of Frame Relay aimed to provide a telecommunication service for cost-efficient data transmission for intermittent traffic between local area networks ( LANs ) and between end-points in a wide area network ( WAN ).

The LMI global addressing extension gives Frame Relay data-link connection identifier ( DLCI ) values global rather than local significance.

As of June 2007 AT & T was the largest Frame Relay service provider in the USA, with local networks in 22 states, plus national and international networks.

Reverse ARP differs from the Inverse Address Resolution Protocol ( InARP ) described in RFC 2390, which is designed to obtain the IP address associated with a local Frame Relay data link connection identifier.

* Picture Frame Seduction, one of the pioneers of early hardcore punk rock in the UK, formed in the town at the local Sir Thomas Picton School in 1978.

Janet Frame ( 1924-2004 ), New Zealand author, lived for a short period in 1963-64 in a rented cottage in Braiseworth, near Eye, where she began her novel An Adaptable Man, inspired by the local area, with Eye being fictionalised as ' Murston '.

Characterised by scholar Simone Oettli as a writer who simultaneously sought fame and anonymity, Frame eschewed the dominant New Zealand literary realism of the post-war era, combining prose, poetry, and modernist elements with a magical realist style, garnering numerous local literary prizes despite mixed critical and public reception.

As a result, Frame was transferred from the local hospital's psychiatric ward to Seacliff Lunatic Asylum, a fabled and feared mental institution located 20 miles north of Dunedin.

The restoration of Barony A Frame, part of the former Barony Colliery, and the opening of Dumfries House to the public, as well as a local community initiative ( Auchinleck Community Development Initiative ) is slowly bringing a sense of pride back to this devastated village.

Frame basis components of the Weyl tensor are classified by their transformation properties under local Lorentz boosts.

When using MPLS, Ethernet VLANs have local meaning only ( like Frame Relay PVC ).