Another advantage of the use of virtual circuits comes with the ability to use them as a multiplexing layer, allowing different services ( such as voice, Frame Relay, n * 64 channels, IP ).

In theory, Frame Relay can operate over the D channel of BRIs and PRIs, but it is seldom, if ever, used.

MPLS supports a range of access technologies, including T1 / E1, ATM, Frame Relay, and DSL.

The primary benefit is to eliminate dependence on a particular OSI model data link layer technology, such as Asynchronous Transfer Mode ( ATM ), Frame Relay, Synchronous Optical Networking ( SONET ) or Ethernet, and eliminate the need for multiple layer-2 networks to satisfy different types of traffic.

A number of different technologies were previously deployed with essentially identical goals, such as Frame Relay and ATM.

At the same time, MPLS attempts to preserve the traffic engineering and out-of-band control that made Frame Relay and ATM attractive for deploying large-scale networks.

In many respects, LSPs are not different from permanent virtual circuits ( PVCs ) in ATM or Frame Relay networks, except that they are not dependent on a particular layer-2 technology.

MPLS can make use of existing ATM network or Frame Relay infrastructure, as its labeled flows can be mapped to ATM or Frame Relay virtual-circuit identifiers, and vice versa.

MPLS LSPs provide dynamic, transparent virtual networks with support for traffic engineering, the ability to transport layer-3 ( IP ) VPNs with overlapping address spaces, and support for layer-2 pseudowires using Pseudowire Emulation Edge-to-Edge ( PWE3 ) that are capable of transporting a variety of transport payloads ( IPv4, IPv6, ATM, Frame Relay, etc .).

Frame Relay aimed to make more efficient use of existing physical resources, which allow for the underprovisioning of data services by telecommunications companies ( telcos ) to their customers, as clients were unlikely to be utilizing a data service 100 percent of the time.

In more recent years, Frame Relay has acquired a bad reputation in some markets because of excessive bandwidth overbooking by these telcos.

Telcos often sell Frame Relay to businesses looking for a cheaper alternative to dedicated lines ; its use in different geographic areas depended greatly on governmental and telecommunication companies ' policies.

AT & T is currently ( as of June 2007 ) the largest Frame Relay service provider in the United States, with local networks in 22 states, plus national and international networks.

This number is expected to change between 2007 and 2009 when most of these Frame Relay contracts expire.

Many customers are likely to migrate from Frame Relay to MPLS over IP or Ethernet within the next two years, which in many cases will reduce costs and improve manageability and performance of their wide area networks.

X. 25 was an important early WAN protocol, and is often considered to be the " grandfather " of Frame Relay as many of the underlying protocols and functions of X. 25 are still in use today ( with upgrades ) by Frame Relay.

Frame Relay is a standardized wide area network technology that specifies the physical and logical link layers of digital telecommunications channels using a packet switching methodology.

Network providers commonly implement Frame Relay for voice ( VoFR ) and data as an encapsulation technique, used between local area networks ( LANs ) over a wide area network ( WAN ).

Each end-user gets a private line ( or leased line ) to a Frame Relay node.

) was done with stiles ( sea / si ) and rails ( see: Frame and panel ): the spaces enclosed being filled with panels ( tympana ) let into grooves made in the stiles and rails.

The suggestion of suicide was emphatically rejected by Holt's son Sam, by his biographer Tom Frame, and by former prime minister and Holt's Cabinet colleague at the time, Malcolm Fraser.

* Frame Lock – Also known as the integral lock or monolock, this locking mechanism was invented by custom knifemaker Chris Reeve for the Sebenza as an update to the liner lock.

The graphics system was composed of the GF1 Frame buffer, the UC3 " Update Controller ", DC3 " Display Controller ", and the BP2 bitplane.

By 1970 Macainsh was back with Strauks, now on drums, first in Claptrap and by 1971 in Frame which had Graeme " Shirley " Strachan as lead vocalist.

Strachan had befriended Strauks earlier — he sang with Strauks on the way to parties — and was asked to join Claptrap which was renamed as Frame.

X. 25 provides quality of service and error-free delivery, whereas, Frame Relay was designed to relay data as quickly as possible over low error networks.

Frame Relay was designed for use on links with error-rates far lower than available when X. 25 was designed.

Although Frame Relay became very popular in North America it was never that popular in Europe.

As of June 2007 AT & T was the largest Frame Relay service provider in the USA, with local networks in 22 states, plus national and international networks.

It was popularized by IBM's SDLC ( later renamed HDLC ), to ensure that the Frame Sync Sequence ( FSS ) never appears in a data frame.

The first chapter is a " Declaration of Rights of the Inhabitants of the State of Vermont ," was drafted in 1777, and is followed by a " Plan or Frame of Government " outlining the structure of governance with powers distributed between three co-equal branches: executive, legislative and judiciary.

Know Your Values and Frame the Debate, self-labeled as " the Essential Guide for Progressives ", was published in September 2004 and features a foreword by former Democratic presidential candidate Howard Dean.

* New Zealand author and poet Janet Frame received a literary award in 1951 the day before a scheduled lobotomy was to take place, and it was never performed.

The OPEN LOOK version of the FrameMaker desktop publishing program, developed by Frame Technology Corp with funding mainly from Sun Microsystems and NSA, was one of the few commercial products that ran on NeWS.

At 0000 GMT September 30, 1996 ( the start of GPS Week 873 ), WGS 84 was redefined again and was more closely aligned with International Earth Rotation Service ( IERS ) Terrestrial Reference Frame ( ITRF ) 94.

It was adopted into the X. 25 protocol stack as LAPB, into the V. 42 protocol as LAPM, into the Frame Relay protocol stack as LAPF and into the ISDN protocol stack as LAPD.

Frame by frame coverage of the lunar surface was obtained over 360 ° in azimuth and from + 40 ° above the plane normal to the camera z-axis to 65 ° below this plane.

All used the Excelan EXOS / 201 Ethernet card, the same graphics hardware ( GF2 Frame Buffer, UC4 Update Controller, DC4 Display Controller, BP3 Bitplane ).

Protocols including Packet over SONET / SDH, MPLS, ATM and Frame relay are often used by service providers to deliver the links that are used in WANs.

The technology used by the carrier to transport data between the switches is variable and may differ among carriers ( i. e. to function, a practical Frame Relay implementation need not rely solely on its own transportation mechanism ).

The sophistication of the technology requires a thorough understanding of the terms used to describe how Frame Relay works.

The error detection mechanism used in Frame Relay uses the cyclic redundancy check ( CRC ) as its basis.

This provides the principal mechanism used in Frame Relay to ensure the guarantee of resource requirement once accepted.

Frame Relay eliminates a number of the higher-level procedures and fields used in X. 25.

X. 25 packets contain several fields used for error checking and flow control, most of which are not used by Frame Relay.

* Frame relay is typically used to provide PVCs.

Frame repeating is similar to field repeating used in interlaced video, and is also called pulldown sometimes.

Kirsch used the money he earned from Mouse Systems to fund a startup company, Frame Technology Corp., to commercialize the software.

Frame length ranges from 2 wheel framed freestyle wheels ( used in aggressive skating ) to around 230 mm for short-framed four wheel skates ( used in most inline designs ), up to about 325 mm for a five wheel racing frame.

* Camera Obscura ( Fatal Frame ), the name of a camera used to exorcise spirits by taking pictures, used in the game Fatal Frame

It is used to indicate which protocol is encapsulated in the payload of an Ethernet Frame.

In modern implementations of Ethernet, the field within the Ethernet frame used to describe the EtherType also can be used to represent the size of the payload of the Ethernet Frame.