The former, located in Roissy near Paris, is the fifth busiest airport in the world with 60 million passenger movements in 2008, and France's primary international airport, serving over 100 airlines.

Closed primaries happen in many European countries, while open primaries have so far only occurred in the socialist and social-democratic parties in Greece and Italy, whereas the France's Socialist Party organised the first open primary in France in October 2011.

Around this time the primary ingredient changed from cognac to rye whiskey due to the phylloxera epidemic in Europe that devastated France's wine grape crops.

Buisson helped create France's system of universal, nonsecratarian primary education in the 1880s.

The program's primary Anglo-Arab breeding farm, Pompadour National Anglo-Arab Stud, is located in Arnac-Pompadour, a commune of central France's Corrèze department, home to the famous Château de Pompadour.

Its leaders, especially Georges Bidault and Paul Coste-Floret ( foreign and colonial ministers respectively in several French coalition governments ) were primary architects of France's hard-line colonial policies that culminated in long insurgencies in Vietnam ( 1946-1954 ) and Algeria ( 1954-1962 ), as well as a series of smaller insurrections and political crises elsewhere in the French Empire.

He scored the winner in France's opening match against Denmark, and scored one " perfect " hat-trick against Belgium as France topped their first-round group with three wins out of three.

She is best known for her back-to-back wins in France's most prestigious horse race, the Prix de l ' Arc de Triomphe.

The reality is that Micheline Musseli Pozzo di Borgo, a French aristocrat who at 20 was France's youngest lawyer ever, brought considerable wealth to her marriage to Lerner and lost most of it through him, including nearly $ 600, 000 from the sale of her Parisian apartment, which Lerner placed in investments that either failed or were looted by him during periods of financial desperation.

After World War II, the islands became a French overseas territory and were represented in France's National Assembly.

France's priorities were in settling and strengthening its claim on New France and the exploration and settlement of interior North America and the Mississippi River valley.

The period between Henry's accession and the birth of Eleanor's youngest son was turbulent: Aquitaine, as was the norm, defied the authority of Henry as Eleanor's husband ; attempts to claim Toulouse, the rightful inheritance of Eleanor's grandmother and father, were made, ending in failure ; the news of Louis of France's widowhood and remarriage was followed by the marriage of Henry's son ( young Henry ) to Louis ' daughter Marguerite ; and, most climactically, the feud between the King and Thomas Becket, his Chancellor, and later Archbishop of Canterbury.

The founding of a Fifth Republic was supported by the French people, while France's colonies were given the choice between more autonomy in a new French Community and immediate independence.

Images believed to depict the Great Auk were also carved into the walls of the El Pinto Cave in Spain over 35, 000 years ago, while cave paintings 20, 000 years old have been found in France's Grotte Cosquer.

In 1484, about 97 % of France's 13 million people lived in rural villages ; in 1700, at least 80 % of the 20 million people population were peasants.

Later in June 1791, the royal family secretly fled Paris in disguise for Varennes near France's northeastern border in order to seek royalist support the king believed he could trust, but they were soon discovered en route.

The Kerguelen Islands, along with the islands of Amsterdam and St. Paul, and the Crozet archipelago were officially annexed by France in 1893, and were included as possessions in the French constitution in 1924 ( in addition to that portion of Antarctica claimed by France and known as Adélie Land ; as with all Antarctic territorial claims, France's possession on the continent is held in abeyance until a new international treaty is ratified that defines each claimant's rights and obligations ).

Colbert's policies were quite successful, and France's industrial output and economy grew considerably during this period, as France became the dominant European power.

In 1911 parts of the colony ( the so called New Cameroon territories ) were ceded to the German Empire in exchange for German recognition of France's rights to Morocco.

However, the SECAM standard used in France's overseas possessions ( as well as African countries that were once ruled by France ) was slightly different from the SECAM used in Metropolitan France.

* Boundaries were deliberately chosen to break up France's historical regions in an attempt to erase cultural differences and build a more homogeneous nation.

The departments of Moselle, Bas-Rhin, and most of Haut-Rhin were ceded to the German Empire in 1871, following France's defeat in the Franco-Prussian War.

His good relations with Western politicians, especially France's Valéry Giscard d ' Estaing and West Germany's Helmut Schmidt, were a catalyst for his receiving western aid and loans.

France's policy in West Africa was reflected mainly in its philosophy of " association ", meaning that all Africans in Côte d ' Ivoire were officially French " subjects " without rights to representation in Africa or France.

He has received considerable critical praise in France, including for several films which were not well received in the United States, and he has been awarded two of France's highest honors: in 1994 he became a recipient of the French Republic's Commandeur of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres and in 2007 he was awarded the Légion d ' honneur medal.

The Austro-Hungarians, still smarting after their defeat by Prussia in the Austro-Prussian War, were treading carefully before stating that they would only commit to France's cause if the southern Germans viewed the French positively.

After the German victory at Sedan, most of France's standing forces were out of combat, one army was immobilised and besieged in the city of Metz, and the army led by Emperor Napoleon III himself had surrendered to the Germans.

Until the mid-1980s, when he ceased to be one of France's biggest box-office stars, Belmondo's typical characters were either dashing adventurers or more cynical heroes.

The French nobility were unimpressed and, since Isabella lacked the funds to begin any military campaign, she began to court the opinion of France's neighbours, including proposing the marriage of her son John to the Castilian royal family.

In 1241, when Isabella and Hugh were summoned to the French court to swear fealty to King Louis IX of France's brother, Alphonse, who had been invested as Count of Poitou, their mother, the Queen Dowager Blanche openly snubbed her.

Becket, by France's Jean Anouilh ; ;

King Philip II of France's victory at Bouvines, by Vincent of Beauvais

Under the administration of Félix Éboué, France's first black colonial governor, a military column, commanded by Colonel Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque, and including two battalions of Sara troops, moved north from N ' Djamena ( then Fort Lamy ) to engage Axis forces in Libya, where, in partnership with the British Army's Long Range Desert Group, they captured Kufra.

The historic under-commitment by the US within France's sphere of interest in the Indian Ocean looks set to continue after a November 2009 meeting between heads of state.

His reign was marked by large scale public works, the development of social policy, and the extension of France's influence throughout the world.

During his reign, he also set about creating the Second Mexican Empire ( headed by his choice of Maximilian I of Mexico, a member of the House of Habsburg ), to regain France's hold in the Americas and to achieve greatness for the ' Latin ' race.

In his Jack and the Beanstalk ( 1902 ) and Life of an American Fireman he followed earlier films by France's Georges Méliès and members of England's Brighton School, such as James Williamson.

The social burdens caused by war included the huge war debt, made worse by the loss of France's colonial possessions in North America and the growing commercial dominance of Great Britain.

France's inefficient and antiquated financial system was unable to manage the national debt, something which was both partially caused and exacerbated by the burden of an inadequate system of taxation.

As a forerunner of revolution, France's tricolour flag style has been adopted by other nations.

La Fontaine's model was subsequently emulated by England's John Gay ( 1685 – 1732 ); Poland's Ignacy Krasicki ( 1735 – 1801 ); Italy's Lorenzo Pignotti ( 1739 – 1812 ) and Giovanni Gherardo de Rossi ( 1754 – 1827 ); Serbia's Dositej Obradović ( 1742 – 1811 ); Spain's Félix María de Samaniego ( 1745 – 1801 ) and Tomás de Iriarte y Oropesa ( 1750 – 1791 ); France's Jean-Pierre Claris de Florian ( 1755 – 94 ); and Russia's Ivan Krylov ( 1769 – 1844 ).

Two employees of the security firm, Kargus, run by a former member of France's secret services, received sentences of three and two years respectively.

Europe was racked by two decades of war revolving around France's efforts to spread its revolutionary ideals, and the opposition of reactionary royalty.

In 1794, France's revolutionary armies began bringing pieces from Northern Europe, augmented after the Treaty of Tolentino ( 1797 ) by works from the Vatican, such as Laocoön and His Sons and the Apollo Belvedere, to establish the Louvre as a museum and as a " sign of popular sovereignty ".

The Louisiana Purchase ( " Sale of Louisiana ") was the acquisition by the United States of America in 1803 of of France's claim to the territory of Louisiana.

Luxembourg was invaded by Louis XIV of France ( husband of Maria Theresa, daughter of Philip IV ) in 1684, an action that caused alarm among France's neighbours and resulted in the formation of the League of Augsburg in 1686.

Recognition by the United Kingdom in the 1904 Entente Cordiale of France's " sphere of influence " in Morocco provoked a German reaction ; the " crisis " of 1905 – 1906 was resolved at the Algeciras Conference ( 1906 ), which formalized France's " special position " and entrusted policing of Morocco jointly to France and Spain.

France's exile of the highly respected Sultan Mohammed V to Madagascar in 1953 and his replacement by the unpopular Mohammed Ben Aarafa, whose reign was perceived as illegitimate, sparked active opposition to the French protectorate both from nationalists and those who saw the sultan as a religious leader.