* March 19 – Ferdinando I de ' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, in the Fortezza Vecchia Chapel of Saint Francesco, elevates Livorno to the rank of city.

He died in 1574, succeeded by his eldest surviving son Francesco, whose inability to produce male heirs led to the succession of his younger brother, Ferdinando, upon his death in 1587.

Francesco and Ferdinando, due to lax distinction between Medici and Tuscan state property, are thought to have been wealthier than their ancestor, Cosimo de ' Medici, the founder of the dynasty.

Upon the death of the last Duke of Urbino ( Francesco Maria II ), instead of claiming the duchy for Ferdinando, who was married to the Duke of Urbino's granddaughter and heiress, Vittoria della Rovere, they permitted it to be annexed by Pope Urban VIII.

The first opera based on the play, Il duca di Atene, was an opera buffa with a libretto by Carlo Francesco Badini and music by Ferdinando Bertoni.

Married Francesco Ferdinando d ' Ávalos.

In 1587 Francesco I de ' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany died without a legitimate male heir ; his brother Ferdinando immediately declared himself the third Grand Duke of Tuscany.

Leopold II of Tuscany ( Italian: Leopoldo Giovanni Giuseppe Francesco Ferdinando Carlo, German: Leopold Johann Joseph Franz Ferdinand Karl ; 3 October 1797 – 29 January 1870 ) was the last reigning grand duke of Tuscany ( 1824 – 1859 ).

Francesco and later Grand Duke Ferdinando I, reforms were made with new statutes and new preogatives.

* Francesco Lora, Introduction to Giacomo Antonio Perti, Integrale della musica sacra per Ferdinando de ’ Medici, principe di Toscana ( Firenze 1704-1709 ), ed.

* Francesco Lora, I mottetti di Giacomo Antonio Perti per Ferdinando de ' Medici principe di Toscana.

Prince Luigi Amedeo Giuseppe Maria Ferdinando Francesco of Savoy-Aosta ( January 29, 1873-March 18, 1933 ), Duke of the Abruzzi ( Duca degli Abruzzi ), was an Italian nobleman, mountaineer and explorer of the royal House of Savoy.

: See also: Francesco I de ' Medici and Ferdinando I de ' Medici

Francesco and Ferdinando, due to lax distinction between Medici and Tuscan state property, are thought to be wealthier than their ancestor, Cosimo de ' Medici, the founder of the dynasty.

Ferdinando Maria Meinrado Francesco Pascale Rosario Carulli ( Naples, 9 February 1770 – Paris, 17 February 1841 ) was an Italian composer for classical guitar and the author of the first complete classical guitar method, which continues to be used today.

Led by Pier Ferdinando Casini, Lorenzo Cesa and Rocco Buttiglione, the faction included also Mario Tassone ( co-leader with Buttiglione of a sub-group composed of former members of the CDU, which controlled more than 15 % of party delegates ), Michele Vietti, Luca Volontè, Francesco D ' Onofrio, Maurizio Ronconi, Francesco Bosi and Antonio De Poli, and gained the support of at least 45 % of party members.

In 1587 the grand-duke Francesco died ; to this event Sozzini's biographers attribute the loss of his Italian property, but his unpublished letters show that he was on good terms with the new grand-duke, Ferdinando.

For most of the Schubert recordings the instruments were a cello by Francesco Ruggieri ( 1682 ), a viola by Carlo Ferdinando Landolfi ( 18th century ), first violin by Domenico Montagnana ( 1731 ) and second violin by Carlo Annibale Tononi ( 18th century ).

Ferdinando I de ' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany ( 30 July 1549 – 17 February 1609 ) was Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1587 to 1609, having succeeded his older brother Francesco I.

Francesco was succeeded by his younger brother, Ferdinando I de ' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany.

* Carlo Silipo, Amedeo Pomilio, Francesco Porzio, Giuseppe Porzio, Mario Fiorillo, Ferdinando Gandolfi, Alessandro Campagna, Marco D ' Altrui, Massimiliano Ferretti, Francesco Attolico, Alessandro Bovo, and Paolo Caldarella — Water Polo, Men's Team Competition

It has also furnished one pope, Paul IV ( Giovanni Pietro Carafa ), 250 bishops, archbishops, and papal legates, and the cardinals: Blessed Giovanni Marinoni, Blessed Paolo Burali d ' Arezzo, Giovanni Bernardino Scotti, Francesco and Domenico Pignatelli, Giuseppe Capece-Zurlo, Francesco Maria Banditi, and Ferdinando Pignatelli, who was made cardinal by Pope Gregory XVI.

He also helped rebuild a number of buildings, churches, palaces, and institutional buildings including the churches of San Zulian, San Francesco della Vigna, San Martino, San Geminiano ( now destroyed ), Santo Spirito in Isola, and the church of the Incurabili.

His sojourn there was to be short, however, as Giovanni di Vico and Francesco Ordelaffi ( who had hired the famous condottiero Konrad von Landau's " Grand Company ") were menacing the fragile balance of his last conquests.

Artists like Francesco Robba, Andrea Pozzo, Vittore Carpaccio and Giulio Quaglio worked in the Slovenian territory, while scientists such as Johann Weikhard von Valvasor and Johannes Gregorius Thalnitscher contributed to the development of the scholarly activities.

In many pieces ( particularly those of early to mid Baroque composers such as Claudio Monteverdi, Giovanni Gabrieli, Francesco Cavalli, Girolamo Frescobaldi, Giovanni Battista Riccio, Dario Castello, Antonio Bertali, Pavel Josef Vejvanovský, Jan Křtitel Tolar, Michael Praetorius, Johann Hermann Schein, Samuel Scheidt, Sebastian Knüpfer, Johann Schelle, Johann Andreas Pachelbel, Giovanni Felice Sances, Johann Joseph Fux, Johann Heinrich Schmelzer, Heinrich Ignaz Franz von Biber, Andreas Hofer, Alessandro Stradella, Matthew Locke, John Adson and Heinrich Schütz ) the cornett is indispensable in performance, and the music suffers if other instruments substitute for them.

Traetta had been advised by Count Francesco Algarotti, a leading proponent of reform according to French models ; Algarotti was a major influence on the most important " reformist " composer, Christoph Willibald von Gluck.

Franz von Suppé or Francesco Suppé Demelli ( April 18, 1819May 21, 1895 ) was an Austrian composer of light operas who was born in what is now Croatia during the time his father was working in this outpost of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

Franz von Suppé's parents named him Francesco Ezechiele Ermenegildo Cavaliere di Suppé-Demelli when he was born on April 18, 1819, in Split, Dalmatia, Austrian Empire.

The cavallino rampante ( prancing horse ) of the Italian ace Francesco Baracca was another well-known symbol, as was the red-painted aircraft of Manfred von Richthofen.

* Kurt von Fischer, Gianluca D ' Agostino: " Francesco Landini ", Grove Music Online ed.

Hauptmann was born in Dresden, and studied violin under Scholz, piano under Franz Lanska, composition under Grosse and Francesco Morlacchi, ( the rival of Carl Maria von Weber ).

120 days, Aaron, Abd Al Malik, Acoustic Ladyland, Adamo, Adrienne Pauly, Agoria, Akli D, Akron Family, Alexander Kowalski, Amon Tobin, Babet, Beat Assailant, Benjy Ferree, Bloc Party, Brigitte Fontaine, Bromheads Jacket, Bunny Wailer, Capleton, Cassius, Cold War Kids, Death Before Disco, Deerhoof, Dub Incorporation, Dubmood, Eiffel, Elista, Emily Loizeau, Enter Shikari, Ephel Duath, Erik Truffaz Quartet, Exson Valdes, Feist, Florent Marchet, Francesco Tristano Schlimé, Galaxy Naast, Goose, Gotan Project, Guns of Brixton, Hommage à Ali Farka Touré avec Hamadoun Tandina & Amadou Bagayoko, Herman Düne, Improvisators Dub & Iration Steppas, Ivan Smagghe, J. Tillman, Jacques Higelin, Jamika, Jeanne Cherhal, Jesse Sykes, Joan As Police Woman, Joanna Newsom, Joeystarr, Julie Doiron, Juliette Gréco, Just Jack, Justice, Katel, Khalid K, Kruger, Laurent Korcia, Les Fatals Picards, Plastiscines, L ' Oiseau Bleu, Loney Dear, Mademoiselle K, Malouma, Mamani Keita, Manimal, Mano Solo, Marie Cherrier, Maxïmo Park, Mayra Andrade, Metronomy, Mick Est Tout Seul, Miossec, Missill, Mitsoura, Mystic revelation of rastafari, Nadj, Nelson, Nosfell, Olivia Ruiz, Oxmo Puccino and The Jazzbastards, Pave, Peter Bjorn & John, Peter von Poehl, Phoenix, Pierre Lapointe, Pravda, Riké, Rocé, Rose, Sanseverino, Seb Martel, Shannon Wright, Sikth, Sleepytime Gorilla Museum, Socalled, Son Of Dave Syrano, Tekel, The Automatic, John Butler Trio, The John Venture, The Konki Duet, The Procussions, The Rakes, Third World, Tinariwen, Transmission 0, TTC, Yelle, Daddy Longlegs ( Découverte du Printemps )

Lara Almarcegui, Ursula Biemann, Yael Bartana, Luis Camnitzer, Paolo Canevari, Billy Childish, Amanda Coogan, Marysia Lewandowska & Neil Cummings, Dias & Riedweg, Maria Eichhorn, Carl Michael von Hausswolff, Satch Hoyt, Huang Yong Ping, Sanja Ivekovic, Francesco Jodice, Peter Johannson, Yeondoo Jung, Werner Kaligofsky, Germaine Koh, Andreja Kuluncic, Oswaldo Macia, Jill Magid, Inigo Manglano-Ovalle, Esko Männikkö, Dorit Margreiter, Cildo Meireles, Takashi Murakami, Yoko Ono, Mathias Poledna, Marjetica Potrc, Raqs Media Collective, Navin Rawanchaikul, Martha Rosler, Santiago Sierra, Valeska Soares, Rirkrit Tiravanija, Yang Fudong, Oliver Bancroft, Thomas Bangsted, David Blandy, Margarita Bofiliou, Dave Carbone, Lali Chetwynd, Petros Chrisostomou, Joe Clark, James Connelly, Tessa Farmer, Oriana Fox, Sarah Gilder, Anton Goldenstein, Mauricio Guillen, Thomas Hylander, Yvonne Jones, Samson Kambalu, Ahn Kang-hyun, Karoly Kesaru, Heidi Kilpelainen, Steven Lowery, Nicky Magliulo, Gary McDonald, Sarah Michael, Thomas Needham, Robert Nichol, Jesse Richards David Rowland, Michael Sailstorfer, Margaret Salmon, Shen Yuan, Heiko Tiemann, Douglas White, Lynette Yiadom-Boakye

This sport and its champions were described by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Karl Philipp Moritz, Christian Joseph Jagemann, Richard Colt Hoare, Jacob Burckhardt, William Wetmore Story, Giacomo Leopardi, Edmondo de Amicis, Giuseppe Baretti, Antonio Francesco Grazzini, Ottavio Rinuccini, Gabriello Chiabrera, Tommaso Grossi, Giuseppe Gioachino Belli.

Fashion world stalwarts like photographer Francesco Scavullo and designers Diane von Fürstenberg and Vera Wang describe Carangi's special spark, and the arc of her modeling career.

See Friedrich Baumgarten, De Christodoro Poeta Thebano, Bonn ( 1881 ), and his article in Pauly-Wissowa's Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft, III ( 1897 ) 2450-2452 ; Wilhelm von Christ, Geschichte der griechischen Litteratur ( 1898 ); Francesco Tissoni, Cristodoro.

Other lesser known assistants from his studio include Francesco Barrata, Girolamo Lucenti, and Giuseppe Peroni.

Conservative music of the Roman school continued to be written in his style ( which in the 17th century came to be known as the prima pratica ) by such students of his as Giovanni Maria Nanino, Ruggiero Giovanelli, Arcangelo Crivelli, Teofilo Gargari, Francesco Soriano and Gregorio Allegri.

Henri also created many graphic works on his typewriter: the typewriter poems ( also known as dactylopoèmes ) feature in international art collections such as those of Francesco Conz in Verona, the Morra Foundation in Naples and Ruth and Marvin Sackner in Miami, and have been the subject of Australian, British and French retrospectives ( Aquaviva 2008 ).

As the couple had known and admired one another for many years, their mutual attraction deepened into love ; marriage to Francesco allegedly caused Isabella to " bloom ".

Francesco Petrarca ( 20 July 1304 – 19 July 1374 ), known in English as Petrarch, was an Italian scholar and poet, and one of the earliest humanists.

A perfect example of these " carticellas " comes from a 1460 set known today as " Tarot de Mantegna " or " Tarot de Baldini " created by artist Francesco del Cossa.

Filarete, while in Milan, was responsible for the great public hospital known as the Ospedale Maggiore, and also for an influential Treatise on Architecture, which included a plan for a star-shaped ideal city called Sforzinda in honour of Francesco Sforza and passionately argued for the centrally planned form.

He became known for his beautiful singing voice and in 1754 was sent to the Conservatorio di S. Onofrio at Naples, where he studied under Francesco Durante, and eventually became assistant master.

* February – Pietro Bembo's Petri Bembi de Aetna Angelum Chalabrilem liber is published in Venice by Aldus Manutius, the first book printed in the old style serif or humanist typeface cut by Francesco Griffo and known from the 20th century as Bembo.

The military engineer Francesco Laparelli de Carotona designed the original gate, known as Porta San Giorgio, which was erected between April 1566 and 1569.

* Francesco Vescovi known as “ Cecco ” ( born 1964 ), a former basketball player who grew up in Varese.

The Mona Lisa ( La Gioconda or La Joconde, or Portrait of Lisa Gherardini, wife of Francesco del Giocondo ) is a half-length portrait of a woman by the Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci, which has been acclaimed as " the best known, the most visited, the most written about, the most sung about, the most parodied work of art in the world.

* The 13th century cathedral ( San Francesco, best known as Tempio Malatestiano ) was originally in Gothic style, but was transformed by order of Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta according to the designs of Leon Battista Alberti and never completed.

His real name was Pietro Francesco Caletti-Bruni, but he is better known by that of Cavalli, the name of his patron Federico Cavalli, a Venetian nobleman.

The oldest published image known to have been made with a microscope: bees by Francesco Stelluti, 1630

Giovanni Francesco Barbieri ( February 8, 1591 – December 22, 1666 ), best known as Guercino or Il Guercino, was an Italian Baroque painter and draftsman from the region of Emilia, and active in Rome and Bologna.

Kauffman is also well known by the numerous engravings from her designs by Schiavonetti, Francesco Bartolozzi and others.

Lelio Francesco Maria Sozzini or simply Lelio ( Latin Laelius Socinus ) ( Siena, January 29, 1525 – Zürich, May 4, 1562 ), was an Italian Renaissance humanist and anti-Trinitarian reformer, and uncle of the better known Fausto Sozzini ( Latin Faustus Socinus ) from whom the Polish Brethren and early English Unitarians came to be called " Socinians ".

He commissioned Francesco Griffo to cut a slanted type known today as italic.

Among the other best known are Lucio Battisti, Gino Paoli, Francesco Guccini, Roberto Vecchioni, Lucio Dalla, Francesco De Gregori, Claudio Lolli, Franco Battiato, Rino Gaetano, Ivan Graziani and Ivano Fossati.

Francesco Vianello ( 30 August 1952 – 3 May 2009 ), better known by his nickname Fravia, was a software reverse engineer and “ seeker ” known for his web archive of reverse engineering techniques and papers.

Several works by Verro still exist in the Apulian city, including S. Francesco Savario appare al Beato Marcello Mastrilli – his first known signed work.

* 1304 – Francesco Petrarca, later known as Petrarch.