The Frankish chroniclers of the Crusades mentioned it as Mallevila, a toponym from the 9th century.

The chroniclers of " Gallia Christiana " record that numerous donations were made to Remigius by the Frankish nobles, which he presented to the cathedral at Reims.

The earliest mention of Leuven (" Loven ") is from 891 when a Viking army was defeated by the Frankish king Arnulf of Carinthia ( see: Battle of Leuven ).

In the 7th and 8th centuries, the Frankish chronologies mention the northern Low Countries as the kingdom of the Frisians.

There exists only one historical mention of a Frankish Roland, found in the section of Vita Karoli Magni on the Battle of Roncevaux Pass, written by Charlemagne's courtier and biographer Einhard.

The Royal Frankish Annals mention a 743 Frankish campaign led by the Carolingian Mayor of the Palace Carloman against the Saxons, followed by a second expedition together with his brother Pepin the Short the next year.

This late attribution of royal Merovingian descent at a time when the Carolingian dynasty was at the peak of its power contrasts clearly with the contemporary Vita Sancti Arnulfi's failure to mention any such a connection: The Vita, written shortly after the saint's death, merely states that he was of Frankish ancestry, from " sufficiently elevated and noble parentage, and very rich in worldly goods ",< ref > Vita Arnulfi c. 1, MG. SS.

Under the Frankish Empire, the Rheintal between Montstein and Hirschensprung was given to the Rhinegraviate ( the county of the Rheingau ), and its first recorded mention is in 891 ; the area between Lake Constance and Montstein was a part of the Thurgau.

In 765, the Frankish village had its first documentary mention in the Lorsch codex in connection with a donation by Charlemagne to the Lorsch Abbey, to which in 774 further parts of Oppenheim eventually went.

In the 9th century, during the great movement termed the Carolingian Renaissance, these Annals became the usual form of contemporary history ; it suffices to mention the Royal Frankish Annals, the Annales Fuldenses, the Annales Bertiniani, the Annales Laureshamenses ( or " of Lorsch "), officially compiled in order to preserve the memory of the more interesting acts of Charlemagne, his ancestors and his successors.

In the 12th century, although there is no previous mention of Leonard either in literature, liturgy or in church dedications, his cult rapidly spread, at first through Frankish lands, following the release of Bohemond I of Antioch in 1103 from a Danishmend prison, where the successful diplomacy was inspired by Leonard of Noblac.

He was abbot of the monastery for forty years, during which the school of Luxeuil trained the Frankish aristocrats who became bishops in the Frankish kingdoms ; Waldebert oversaw the move of the monastery from the Rule of St. Columban to the Benedictine Rule, though in the rule he drew up for the convent of Faremoutiers he drew upon the rules of Columbanus as well as Benedict, but made no mention whatsoever of a ritual of either profession or oblation.

Nieder-Roden had another documentary mention in 791 when the Frankish nobleman Erlulf donated all his holdings in Nieder-Roden ( rotahen inferiore ), Ober-Roden ( rotahen superiore ) and Bieber to the Lorsch Abbey.

In the 8th century, the Felsberg region was part of the Frankish Empire, and this is when the town had its first documentary mention.

Finally, Stephen ’ s intervention on behalf of the Frankish king Louis IV ( who was in conflict with Otto ) would not have occurred had Stephen been a relative of the German king, and had Stephen received the papal throne through Otto ’ s intervention.

With his Frankish warband he was established with his capital at Tournai, on lands which he had received as a foederatus of the Romans, and for some time he kept the peace with his allies.

Lothar received the Imperial title, the Kingship of Italy, and the territory between the Rhine and Rhone Rivers, collectively called the Central Frankish Realm.

Charles received all lands west of the Rhone, which was called the Western Frankish Realm.

Louis married the daughter of the King of Brittany, Erispoe, and received the regnum from the Breton monarch with the consent of the Frankish magnates.

The Bishop of Utrecht received land grants, first from the Frankish kings, and later from the Kings of Germany, in particular Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor.

Matilda received as dowry out of Ottonian possessions lands in Thuringia and Franconia ( the East Frankish territories of Coburg, Salz and Orlamünde ), while her husband gave her as dowry the family estate of Brauweiler.

When Clotaire I died in 561, his kingdom was divided, in accordance with Frankish custom, among his four sons: Sigebert became king of the northeastern portion, known as Austrasia, with its capital at Rheims, to which he added further territory on the death of his brother, Charibert, in 567 or 568 ; Charibert himself had received the kingdom centred on Paris ; Guntram received the Kingdom of Burgundy with its capital at Orléans ; and the youngest son, the aforementiond Chilperic, received Soissons, which became Neustria when he received his share of Charibert's kingdom.

With the consent of the Frankish magnates, Louis received the regnum Neustriae from Erispoe:

When Dagobert II died in 679, he received Austrasia as well and became king of the whole Frankish realm.

However, under his reign the East Frankish realm disintegrated and from 903 Zwentibold's kingdom was administered by the Lahngau Count Gebhard, a scion of the Conradine dynasty, who received the title of a Duke of Lorraine.

During his residence in Aachen, he received embassies from Alfonso II of Asturias, according to the Frankish chronicles.

In 774, upon a Papal invitation, the Franks invaded the Kingdom of Italy and finally annexed the Lombards ; as a reward the Frankish king Charlemagne received papal support.

Among the more outstanding of the Frankish dukes, Guido I divided the duchy between his two sons Lambert and Guido II, who received as his share the lordship of Camerino, which was made a duchy.

However Frankish sources claim that, after being expelled from England, Eardwulf was received by Charlemagne and then the pope, and that their envoys escorted him back to Northumbria and secured his restoration to power.

Following the defeat, Odo ran north to warn Charles Martel, Mayor of the palaces of Neustria and Austrasia, of the impending threat and to appeal for assistance in fighting the Arab advance, which he received in exchange for accepting formal Frankish overlordship.

Under this, the bulk of the Frankish territory went to Louis ' eldest son, Lothair ; Bernard received no further territory, and although his Kingship of Italy was confirmed, he would be a vassal of Lothair.

The three boys were sent to the court of the Frankish king Clotaire II ( 584-629 ; from 613 sole sovereign ), and with other boys of noble family received an excellent education at the Merovingian court-school.

* 819 and 857 Grants for the Abbey are received from the Frankish Kings Louis the Pious and Louis the German respectively.

Inside the besieged Gothic capital, Vitiges received a Frankish embassy looking for an alliance, but after the events of the previous summer, no trust could be placed on the Franks ' offers.

First mentioned in a 874 deed, Smalcalta in the Frankish duchy of Thuringia received town privileges about 1180.

Arnulf, having distinguished himself in the war against the Slavs was elected by the nobles of the realm ( only the eastern realm, though Charles had ruled the whole of the Frankish lands ) and assumed his title of King of East Francia.

Authority over Austrasia passed back and forth from autonomy to kingly subjugation, as Frankish lands were alternately united and subdivided by the Merovingian kings.

Also during this time, the Mayors of the Palace, originally the chief advisor to the kings, would become the real power in the Frankish lands ; the Merovingian kings themselves would be reduced to little more than figureheads.

In a court run by a bishop and a representative of the emperor, and in the presence of Gregory, Ingoald, the Abbot of Farfa, claimed that the Frankish emperors had granted them the lands, and that Popes Adrian I and Leo III had taken possession of the land illegally.

The Christian Frankish leaders desired to defeat their rival power, the non-Christian Saxons, and to incorporate the Saxon lands into their own growing empire.

By opening new trade routes in Arabic and Frankish lands, the Vikings profited from international trade by expanding beyond their traditional boundaries.

After the fall of Great Moravia, the rulers of the Bohemian duchy had to deal both with continuous raids by the Magyars and the forces of the Saxon duke and East Frankish king Henry the Fowler, who had started several eastern campaigns into the adjacent lands of the Polabian Slavs, homeland of Wenceslaus ' mother.

On previous occasions, in 932 and 954 for example, there had been Hungarian incursions which had invaded the Germanic lands to the South of the Danube, and then retreated back to their native country via Lotharingia, to the West Frankish Kingdom and finally, through Italy.

In addition to its three provinces, Aragon is subdivided into 33 comarcas or counties ; all with a rich geopolitical and cultural history from its pre-Roman and Roman days ; and from the four centuries of Islamic period as Marca Superior of Al-Andalus or kingdom ( or taifa ) of Saraqustah, and as lands that once belonged to the Frankish Marca Hispanica ; and counties that later formed the Kingdom of Aragon and eventually the empire or Crown of Aragon.

Later, in the sixth century, another Celto-Germanic people, the Bavarii occupied these lands until it fell under the Frankish Empire in the ninth century.

The Frankish lands were divided and reunified several times under the Merovingian and Carolingian dynasties, but eventually were firmly divided into France and the Holy Roman Empire.

By deferring to France, Baldwin II was not submitting Jerusalem to the suzerainty of France, rather was placing the moral guardianship of the Outremer with the West for its survival, reminding Louis VI that the Outremer was, to some extent, Frankish lands.

In 723, the Frankish leader Charles Martel bestowed the fortress in Utrecht and the surrounding lands as the base of bishops.

Louis was guaranteed the Kingship of all lands to the east of the Rhine and to the north and east of Italy, which was called the Eastern Frankish Realm which was the precursor to modern Germany.

After the death of the Frankish king Clovis I in 511, his four sons partitioned his kingdom amongst themselves, with Theuderic I receiving the lands that were to become Austrasia.

The eastern Frankish lands, the Holy Roman Empire, were ruled by the Ottonian dynasty, represented by Hugh's first cousin Otto II and then by Otto's son, Otto III.

The lands south of the river Loire had largely ceased to be part of the West Frankish kingdom in the years after Charles the Simple was deposed in 922.

Eventually, the kingdom of Soissons disappeared in 613 when the Frankish lands were amalgamated under Clotaire II.

He soon ceded Italy to his eldest son, Louis, and remained in his new kingdom, engaging in alternate quarrels and reconciliations with his brothers and in futile efforts to defend his lands from the attacks of the Northmen ( as Vikings were known in Frankish writings ) and the Saracens.

The Lotharingian aristocracy, in attempting to assert its right to elect a sovereign, joined the other East Frankish lands in deposing their king, Charles the Fat, in 887.

The Frankish noble Bernat of Gothia ( also, Bernat of Septimania ) was the ruler of these lands from 826 to 832.

The revolt led to her overthrow, torture, and eventual execution, and the subsequent reunification of Frankish lands under Chlothachar II.