Charles Martel () ( 23 August 686 – 22 October 741 ), also known as Charles the Hammer, was a Frankish military and political leader, who served as Mayor of the Palace under the Merovingian kings and ruled de facto during an interregnum ( 737 – 43 ) at the end of his life, using the title Duke and Prince of the Franks.

Franks succeeded General Anthony Zinni to this position on 6 July 2000 and served until his retirement on 7 July 2003.

Franks, after graduating from the Armed Forces Staff College, was posted to The Pentagon in 1976, where he served as an Army Inspector General in the Investigations Division.

In Fiasco: The American Military Adventure in Iraq, veteran defense and Pentagon reporter Thomas E. Ricks echoes criticism from officers who had served under Franks who put forth that, while tactically sound, he lacked the strategic mindset and overall intellect necessary for the task.

Franks served as a consultant to conservative activist Pat Buchanan's presidential campaign.

In the state legislature, Franks served as vice-chairman of the Commerce Committee and Chairman of the House Subcommittee on Child Protection and Family Preservation.

He served in London ( German political department, Third Secretary ); Washington ( Third Secretary, when Donald Maclean of the Cambridge five was Head of Chancery, and then as one of the 11 Second Secretaries with H. A. R. Philby, seeing NATO signed on 4 April 1949, all when Sir Oliver Franks was Ambassador ); transferred to Brussels 10 September 1951 ( Head of Chancery ) acted as Chargé d ' Affaires in 1952 ); London ( no.

Towards the end of his tenure as mayor, Schundler served as chairman of the Hudson County Republican Committee, and in 2001, Schundler ran for the Republican gubernatorial nomination, facing former Congressman Bob Franks, who was favored by the party establishment.

On the failure of the American campaign in Canada, Franks withdrew in July 1776 to Philadelphia, where he joined the Continental Army and served until October 1777.

The Franks controlled the Pannonian duchy ( which served as a Carolingian Mark ).

Leaving the peaceful Franks in place, he deported the captured soldiers and their dependents, who were called laeti, to vacant lands in Burgundy, where they worked the land and served in the Roman army.

Since his retirement from the Army, GEN Luck has served in a variety of senior advisory positions in support of the Department of Defense, overseeing exercise control during Exercise Millenium Challenge 2002, and as an advisor to then-Commander of U. S. Central Command, General Tommy Franks, prior to the US led invasion of Iraq in 2003.

In June 2005, Mell served as honorary co-chairman of an event for State Representative Jack Franks, a longtime Blagojevich critic who had been rumored as a possible primary challenger to the Governor.

Franks helped to found the Union County Young Republicans Franks then served as an aide, consultant and campaign manager to several congressman including Jim Courter and Dean Gallo as well as Governor Thomas Kean.

In 1992, Franks was elected to the U. S. House of Representatives ( succeeding Matt Rinaldo ), and served four terms in the House from 1993 to 2001.

Franks served as President of the Health Care Institute of New Jersey.

Franks served as the Chairman for the Catoosa Citizens for Literacy in 2002-04 and he took that position again in 2007-09 after serving as co-chair for two years.

From 1999 to 2003, Franks served as the head coach at Duke University, compiling a record of 7 – 45.

Franks served as an assistant under Steve Spurrier for 12 years.

Franks then served as the 19th head coach of his alma mater, Duke, from 1999 to 2003.

Through the 1980s Franks served with the Army Staff in the Pentagon, commanded 1st Squadron, 3d Armored Cavalry Regiment at Fort Bliss, served in the Office of the Army Chief of Staff, spent a year at the national War College, held several high-level positions in the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command, and, finally, commanded the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, assigned to the East German frontier as the V Corps covering force.

Franks now serves as chairman of the board of the VII Corps Desert Storm Veterans Association, which assists veterans and next of kin of those who served in VII Corps during Desert Storm.

David Salisbury Franks ( Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1740 – 1793, Philadelphia ) was aide-de-camp for General Benedict Arnold during the American War of Independence.

Franks was promoted to major and was assigned as Arnold's aide-de-camp.

* David Franks ( 1740 – 1793 ), aide-de-camp for General Benedict Arnold during the American War of Independence

* David Franks ( aide-de-camp ) ( David Salisbury Franks ) ( 1740-1793 ), aide-de-camp of Benedict Arnold

Col. David Salisbury Franks was aide-de-camp to General Benedict Arnold at Philadelphia in 1779 ; Solomon Bush was major of the Pennsylvania militia ; Col. Isaac Franks served with distinction in the war, as did Philip Moses, Russell and Benjamin Nones.

Although he was no longer serving in this capacity when Arnold defected to the British, Varick, along with David Franks was arrested.

The experience converted him to the colonists ' cause, and, when an army led by Benedict Arnold and Richard Montgomery invaded Canada in 1775, Franks joined the American forces.

Despite his complete exoneration, the trust of Washington, and his long service to his country, Jeffersonian Republicans launched vicious attacks on Franks for his association with Arnold.

No larger settlements, however, have been found to have existed in this remote rural area, located at least 15 km from the nearest road even in Roman times, up to the early medieval period when the place is mentioned as a king's mansion for the first time, not long before Charlemagne became ruler of the Germanic Franks.

In the year of his coronation as King of Franks, 768, Charlemagne came to spend Christmas at Aachen for the first time.

However, Wolfram points out that at the time " Clovis got no farther than the Seine ; only after several more years did the Franks succeed in occupying the rest of the Gallo-Roman buffer state north of the Loire.

It may also be based on Alfred's later having accompanied his father on a pilgrimage to Rome where he spent some time at the court of Charles the Bald, King of the Franks, around 854 – 855.

After Charlemagne's columns arrived at the gates of Zaragoza, Sulayman got cold feet and refused to let the Franks into the city.

The Muslims were not aware, at that time, of the true strength of the Franks, or the fact that they were building a disciplined army instead of the typical barbarian hordes that had dominated Europe after Rome's fall.

The Arab Chronicles, the history of that age, show that Arab awareness of the Franks as a growing military power came only after the Battle of Tours when the Caliph expressed shock at his army's catastrophic defeat.

The Visigoths under Alaric I sacked Rome in 410, defeated Attila at the Battle of the Catalunian Plains in 451, and founded a Kingdom in Aquitaine which was pushed to Hispania by the Franks in 507, converted to Catholicism by the late sixth century, and in the early eighth century conquered by the Muslim Moors.

The language was in decline by the mid-6th century, due in part to the military defeat of the Goths at the hands of the Franks, the elimination of the Goths in Italy, and geographic isolation ( in Spain the Gothic language lost its last and probably already declining function as a church language when the Visigoths converted to Catholicism in 589 ).

The advance into Western Europe was only stopped in what is now north-central France by the West Germanic Franks under Charles Martel at the Battle of Tours in 732.

Germanic tribes, the Franks and the Alamanni, entered Gaul at this time.

In 486, Clovis I, leader of the Salian Franks, defeated Syagrius at Soissons and subsequently united most of northern and central Gaul under his rule.

Robert II crowned his son — Hugh Magnus — as King of the Franks at age 10 to secure the succession, but Hugh Magnus rebelled against his father and died fighting him in 1025.

19th century depiction of Julian being proclaimed Emperor in Paris at the Thermes de Cluny, standing on a shield in the Franks | Frankish manner, in February 360.

It has been estimated by scholars such as Joshua Prawer and Meron Benvenisti that there were at most 120, 000 Franks and 100, 000 Muslims living in the cities, with another 250, 000 Muslim and Eastern Christian peasants in the countryside.

Under Charles Martel's leadership, the Franks defeated the Moors at the Battle of Tours in 732, limiting the expansion of Islam onto the European continent.

Merovingian law was not universal law equally applicable to all ; it was applied to each man according to his origin: Ripuarian Franks were subject to their own Lex Ripuaria, codified at a late date ( Beyerle and Buchner 1954 ), while the so-called Lex Salica ( Salic Law ) of the Salian clans, first tentatively codified in 511 ( Rouche 1987 p 423 ) was invoked under medieval exigencies as late as the Valois era.

At the end of the 11th century, the Franks, as they were called at the time, started to penetrate the Iberian Peninsula through the Ways of St. James via Somport and Roncesvalles, settling on various spots of the Kingdoms of Navarre and Aragon enticed by the privileges granted them by the Navarrese kings.

Perceiving that the Lombard threat would continue to fester and they would take imperial territory in Italy a piece at a time, in around 721 Gregory appealed to the Franks, asking Charles Martel to intervene and drive out the Lombards.

He encouraged the deposition of the last Merovingian king of the Franks, Childeric III, and it was with his sanction that Boniface crowned Pepin the Short as King of the Franks at Soissons in 752.

" The war that had lasted so many years was at length ended by their acceding to the terms offered by the King ; which were renunciation of their national religious customs and the worship of devils, acceptance of the sacraments of the Christian faith and religion, and union with the Franks to form one people.

After Carloman's resignation in 747 he maintained a sometimes turbulent relationship with the king of the Franks, Pepin ; the claim that he would have crowned Pepin at Soissons in 751 is now generally discredited.

Notable types of Early medieval spears include the Angon, a throwing spear with a long head similar to the Roman pilum, used by the Franks and Anglo-Saxons and the winged ( or lugged ) spear, which had two prominent wings at the base of the spearhead, either to prevent the spear penetrating too far into an enemy or to aid in spear fencing.