The decisive colonial battle for Chad was fought on April 22, 1900 at Battle of Kousséri between forces of French Major Amédée-François Lamy and forces of the Sudanese warlord Rabih az-Zubayr.

Two fundamental themes dominated Chad's colonial experience with the French: an absence of policies designed to unify the territory and an exceptionally slow pace of modernization.

Throughout the colonial period, large areas of Chad were never governed effectively: in the huge BET Prefecture, the handful of French military administrators usually left the people alone, and in central Chad, French rule was only slightly more substantive.

The state gradually came under French colonial rule.

During World War II, the 1940-1941 Franco-Thai War left the French Indochinese colonial authorities in a position of weakness.

The new government did away with the romanization of the Khmer language that the French colonial administration was beginning to enforce and officially reinstated the Khmer script.

The French were able to reimpose the colonial administration in Phnom Penh in October the same year.

However, the French did not consolidate their control over the area until 1903, after having defeated the forces of Rabih in the battle of Kousséri, and established colonial administration throughout the territory.

Proponents argued that the name Dominion Day was a holdover from the colonial era, an argument given some impetus by the patriation of the Canadian Constitution in 1982, and others asserted that an alternative was needed as the term does not translate well into French.

From 16 June 1940-1942 the colonial administration remained loyal to Vichy France ( from 1942, under Free French ), but 25 September 1942-13 October 1946 they were, like Madagascar, under British occupation.

The unease and self-deception that characterized that period of colonial history would be revisited in many forms at political and social moments of crisis ( such as the Salem witch trials, which coincided with frontier warfare and economic competition among Indians and French and other European settlers ) and during lengthy periods of cultural definition ( such as the American Renaissance of the late 18th-and early 19th-century literary, visual, and architectural movements, which sought to capitalize on unique American identities ).

The 17th century saw the creation of the French colonial empire and the Dutch Empire, as well as the English colonial empire, which later became the British Empire.

** GuineaA poster for the French colonial empire titled: " Three colours, one flag, one empire " ( 1941 )

For seventy-four years ( 1689-1763 ) there were six colonial wars, which involved continuous warfare between New England and Acadia ( see the French and Indian Wars as well as Father Rale's War and Father Le Loutre's War ).

During the sixth and final colonial war, the French and Indian War, the military conflicts in Nova Scotia included: Battle of Fort Beauséjour ; Bay of Fundy Campaign ( 1755 ); the Battle of Petitcodiac ; the Raid on Lunenburg ( 1756 ); the Louisbourg Expedition ( 1757 ); Battle of Bloody Creek ( 1757 ); Siege of Louisbourg ( 1758 ), Petitcodiac River Campaign, Gulf of St. Lawrence Campaign ( 1758 ), St. John River Campaign, and Battle of Restigouche.

The following table shows the names that were formerly used in French and Dutch for major cities, during the colonial period.

French was inherited from the colonial period and is the primary language of instruction.

In 1949 during the French colonial rule, the law required the main ethnic groups, the Afar and the Somali to participate as separate electorates.

Several French colonial towns of the Illinois Country, such as Kaskaskia, Cahokia and St. Philippe, Illinois were flooded and abandoned in the late 19th century, with a loss to the cultural record of their archeology.

The boundaries of modern Eritrea and the entire region were established during the European colonial period between Italian, British and French colonialists as well as the lone landlocked African Empire of Abyssinia which found itself surrounded and its boundaries defined by said colonial powers.

1648 ; i. e. after the Thirty Years ' War, in France and the French colonial empire, until established as the national language during the French Revolution of 1789 and subsequently multinational in all nations in or formerly in the various French Empires.

Trevelyan accepts Italian nationalism with little analysis, he is unduly critical of papal and French policy, and he is more than generous in assessing British policy.

To hold them was an essential part of French policy, for they controlled the upper termini of the routes from the north to Mobile.

Relations between the two countries have not always been cordial due to the former French government's policy of supporting militant separatists in Angola's Cabinda province and the international Angolagate scandal embarrassed both governments by exposing corruption and illicit arms deals.

The French finally acquired the islands through a cunning mixture of strategies, including the policy of ' divide and conquer ', chequebook politics and a serendipitous affair between a sultana and a French trader that was put to good use by the French, who kept control of the islands, quelling unrest and the occasional uprising.

Elizabeth's first policy toward Scotland was to oppose the French presence there.

Given the differences of opinion within the Lord Aberdeen cabinet over the direction of foreign policy with regard to relations between Britain and the French under Napoleon III, it is not surprising that debate raged within the government as Louis Bonaparte, now assuming the title of Emperor Napoleon III of France.

Millions of non-Germans subjects in the German Empire, like the Polish, Danish and French minorities, were discriminated against, and a policy of Germanisation was implemented.

In the French system, in the event of cohabitation, the president is often allowed to set the policy agenda in foreign affairs and the prime minister runs the domestic agenda.

The French have stood among the strongest supporters of NATO and EU policy in the Balkans to prevent genocide in Yugoslavia.

A strong friend of the French Revolution, Monroe tried to assure France that Washington's policy of strict neutrality did not favor Britain.

Ribbentrop wanted to buy time to complete German rearmament by removing preventive war as a French policy option.

During the French Revolution, nationalism was a policy of the Republican Left.

The policy decimated the population of Martinique and the rest of the French Antilles and set back their colonization by decades, causing the French king to relax his policies in the islands yet leaving the islands susceptible to British occupation over the next century.

The history of French colonial policy in Mauritania is closely tied to that of the other French possessions in West Africa, particularly to that of Senegal, on which Mauritania was economically, politically, and administratively dependent until independence.

The French policy of assimilation and direct rule, however, was never applied with any vigor in Mauritania, where a system that corresponded more to Britain's colonial policies of association and indirect rule developed.

The treaty, written into the Treaty of Versailles, established that Monegasque policy would be aligned with French political, military, and economic interests.

Numerous French authors helped cement French policy around mercantilism in the 17th century.

This French mercantilism was best articulated by Jean-Baptiste Colbert ( in office, 1665 – 1683 ), though policy liberalised greatly under Napoleon.

During the economic collapse of the seventeenth century Spain had little coherent economic policy, but French mercantilist policies were imported by Philip V with some success.

His own ideas, especially those expressed in his masterworks, French Rural History ( Les caractères originaux de l ' histoire rurale française, 1931 ) and Feudal Society, were incorporated by the second-generation Annalistes, led by Fernand Braudel.

" In this way, the common law was eventually incorporated into the legal systems of every state except Louisiana ( which inherited a civil law system from its French colonizers before the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, adopting a code similar to but not directly based on the Napoleonic Code of 1804 ).

Among those favoring independence, conservatives fought with liberals over the degree to which French revolutionary ideas would be incorporated into the movement.

After the war decolonization saw most of the French colonial empire become independent, while other parts were incorporated into the French state as overseas departments and collectivities.

Many French were captured and incorporated into the Burmese Army as an elite gunner corps, under Chevalier Milard.

He was buried in the local Franciscan chapel in Salon ( part of it now incorporated into the restaurant La Brocherie ) but re-interred during the French Revolution in the Collégiale Saint-Laurent, where his tomb remains to this day.

Eventually an agreement was reached, and the transfer of the objects was incorporated into the Capitulation of Alexandria signed by representatives of the British, French and Ottoman forces.

The region maintained more trade with France, and incorporated more recent French culinary traditions well into the 19th century.

Some verlan words, which are now well incorporated in common French language, have taken on their own significance, or at least certain connotations that have changed their meaning.

The English term was derived ( possibly via French vampyre ) from the German Vampir, in turn derived in the early 18th century from the Serbian вампир / vampir, when Arnold Paole, a purported vampire in Serbia was described during the time Serbia was incorporated into the Austrian Empire.

The French separated their part of Hesse from the rest of the country and incorporated it into the newly founded state of Rhineland-Palatinate ( Rheinland-Pfalz ).

However, The Napoleonic Code differed from Justinian's in important ways-it incorporated all kinds of earlier rules, not only legislation ; it was not a collection of edited extracts, but a comprehensive rewrite ; its structure was much more rational ; it had no religious, ( i. e. Christian ) content ; and it was written in the vernacular French.

Provence was legally incorporated into the French royal domain in 1486.

| 7 | Earlier the French had incorporated Tunisia into their sphere ( 1881 – 1956 ), preceded by many Italian settlers, merchants and farmers.

Many citizens were very happy with his arrival ; they had feared that the Republic would be incorporated into the French Empire.

On August 24, 1792, the Black Poor or Old Settlers of the second Granville Town were incorporated into the new Sierra Leone Colony but remained at Granville Town. Post of the Month: FreetownThe colony of Freetown in 1856 It survived being pillaged by the French in 1794, and was rebuilt by the Nova Scotian settlers.

In 1883, Porto-Novo was incorporated into the French " colony of Dahomey and its dependencies.

In 1795 Guelders was finally conquered and incorporated by the French First Republic, and partitioned between the départements of Roer and Meuse-Inférieure.

The English term vampire was derived ( possibly via French vampyre ) from the German Vampir, which was in turn derived in the early 18th century from the Serbian language word вампир / vampir, when Arnold Paole, a purported vampire in Serbia was described as wreaking havoc in Serbian villages during the time that Serbia was incorporated into the Austrian Empire.

Antichristus ( 1521 ) by Lucas Cranach the Elder is a woodcut of the Papal States at war during the Renaissance. During this period the city of Avignon itself was added to the Papal States ; it remained a papal possession even after the popes returned to Rome, being seized and incorporated into the by then unitary French state only during the French Revolution.

The name Illyria was revived by Napoleon for the Illyrian Provinces that were incorporated into the French Empire from 1809 to 1813, and the Kingdom of Illyria ( 1816 – 1849 ) was part of Austria until 1849, after which time it was not used in the reorganised Austro-Hungarian Empire.

In January 1915 Field Marshal Sir John French, the commander of the British Expeditionary Force, with the concurrence of other senior commanders ( e. g. General Sir Douglas Haig ), wanted the New Armies incorporated into existing divisions as battalions rather than sent out as entire divisions.