Additional works by Alexander are preserved in Arabic translation, these include: On the Principles of the Universe, On Providence, and Against Galen on Motion.

Though Adolf Hitler succeeded in garnering the support of many German industrialists, prominent traditionalists openly and secretly opposed his policies of euthanasia, genocide, and attacks on organized religion, including Claus von Stauffenberg, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Henning von Tresckow, Bishop Clemens August Graf von Galen, and the monarchist Carl Friedrich Goerdeler.

It was here in court that Galen wrote extensively on medical subjects.

Galen compliments Severus and Caracalla on keeping a supply of drugs for their friends and mentions three cases in which they had been of use in 198 AD.

Because of this restriction, Galen performed anatomical dissections on living ( vivisection ) and dead animals, mostly focusing on pigs and primates.

Among Galen ’ s major contributions to medicine was his work on the circulatory system.

Galen was also a highly skilled surgeon, and he performed surgical operations on human patients.

Of particular note are procedures that Galen performed on patients ’ brains and eyes.

Galen, however, staunchly defended venesection in his three books on the subject, and in his demonstrations and public disputations.

Although the main focus of his work was on medicine, anatomy, and physiology, Galen also wrote about logic and philosophy.

A few centuries after Galen Palladius Iatrosophista in his commentary on Hippocrates, stated that Hippocrates sowed and Galen reaped.

From then on Galen and the Greek medical tradition in general became assimilated into the medieval and early modern Islamic Middle East.

As the title, Doubts on Galen by Rhazes implies, as well as the writings of physicians such as Ibn Zuhr ( Avenzoar ) and Ibn al-Nafis, the works of Galen were not accepted unquestioningly, but as a challengeable basis for further inquiry.

A strong emphasis on experimentation and empiricism led to new results and new observations, which were contrasted and combined with those of Galen by writers such as Rhazes, Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi ( Haly Abbas ), Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi ( Abulasis ), Ibn Sina ( Avicenna ), Ibn Zuhr and Ibn al-Nafis.

From that time, Galenism took on a new, unquestioned authority, Galen even being referred to as the " Medical Pope of the Middle Ages ".

The most important translator of Galen's works into Latin was Niccolò di Deoprepio da Reggio, who spent several years working on Galen.

This Greek manuscript of Galen ’ s treatise on the pulse is interleaved with a Latin translation.

* Debru A. Galen on Pharmacology: Philosophy, History, and Medicine: Proceedings of the Vth International Galen Colloquium, Lille, 16 – 18 March 1995 BRILL 1997 ISBN 90-04-10403-8, ISBN 978-90-04-10403-7

Galen on Sense Perception, His Doctrines, Observations and Experiments on Vision, Hearing, Smell, Taste, Touch and Pain, and Their Historical Sources.

Galen's System of Physiology and Medicine, Basel 1968 ( this text is not regarded highly by most Galen scholars )

Greek Biology and Medicine 1922: Chapter 5-" The Final System: Galen "

It refers to a tradition of Graeco-Arabic medicine, which is based on the teachings of Greek physician Hippocrates, and Roman physician Galen, and developed into an elaborate medical System by Arab and Persian physicians, such as Rhazes, Avicenna ( Ibn Sena ), Al-Zahrawi, and Ibn Nafis.

Among Niccolò's translations is a piece from a medical treatise by Galen of which the original text is lost.

Karger, Basel 1970 ( this text is not regarded highly by most Galen scholars )

The works of Galen and Avicenna, especially The Canon of Medicine which incorporated the teachings of both, were translated into Latin, and the Canon remained the most authoritative text on anatomy in European medical education until the 16th century.

While in many cases a story is cut off with the hero in danger of losing his life or another kind of deep trouble, in some parts of the full text Scheherazade stops her narration in the middle of an exposition of abstract philosophical principles or complex points of Islamic philosophy, and in one case during a detailed description of human anatomy according to Galen — and in all these cases turns out to be justified in her belief that the king's curiosity about the sequel would buy her another day of life.

The works of Galen and Avicenna, especially The Canon of Medicine which incorporated the teachings of both, were translated into Latin, and the Canon remained the most authoritative text on anatomy in European medical education until the 16th century.

Its encyclopaedic content, its systematic arrangement and philosophical plan soon worked its way into a position of pre-eminence in the medical literature of Europe, displacing the works of Galen and becoming the text book for medical education in the schools of Europe.

In metaphysics and in natural history Aristotle remained as much a law to him as in poetics, and in medicine Galen, but he was not a slave to the text or the details of either.

Galen conducted many nerve ligation experiments that supported the theory, which is still accepted today, that the brain controls all the motions of the muscles by means of the cranial and peripheral nervous systems.

Galen saw himself as both a physician and a philosopher, as he wrote in his treatise entitled That the Best Physician is also a Philosopher.

It is believed that the Antonine Plague was smallpox, because though his description is incomplete, Galen gave enough information to enable a firm identification of the disease.

In order to correct cataracts in patients, Galen performed an operation that was similar to what is performed by contemporary ophthalmologists.

Galen was concerned to combine philosophical thought with medical practice, as in his brief work That the Best Physician is also a Philosopher.

Thus Galen summarised and synthesised the work of his predecessors, and it is in Galen's words ( Galenism ) that Greek medicine was handed down to subsequent generations, such that Galenism became the means by which Greek medicine was known to the world.

Since Galen states that he is using observations of monkeys ( human dissection was prohibited ) to give an account of what the body looks like, Vesalius could portray himself as using Galen's approach of description of direct observation to create a record of the exact details of the human body, since he worked in a time when human dissection was allowed.

The other surviving use of the original Greek word is by Chrysippus, in a fragment from On affections, quoted by Galen in Hippocrates on Affections.

Chrysippus ' point is more abstract than Antipater's, and Galen quotes the passage as an example of an opinion contrary to his own.

Opium is mentioned in the most important medical texts of the ancient world, including the Ebers Papyrus and the writings of Dioscorides, Galen, and Avicenna.

That proficiency in kicking could carry the pankratiast to victory is indicated in a sarcastic passage of Galen, where he awards the winning prize in pankration to a donkey because of its excellence in kicking.

Though not recognized by Aristotle, there is biological evidence, written about by Galen, that the human brain is an essential seat of human experience in the mode of presentational immediacy.

The term " narcotic " is believed to have been coined by the Greek physician Galen to refer to agents that numb or deaden, causing loss of feeling or paralysis.

The physician Galen, in the history of ancient science, is the most significant person in medicine after Hippocrates, who laid the foundation of medicine in the 5th century BC.

The thick septum of the heart is not perforated and does not have visible pores as some people thought or invisible pores as Galen thought.