Additional works by Alexander are preserved in Arabic translation, these include: On the Principles of the Universe, On Providence, and Against Galen on Motion.

Though Adolf Hitler succeeded in garnering the support of many German industrialists, prominent traditionalists openly and secretly opposed his policies of euthanasia, genocide, and attacks on organized religion, including Claus von Stauffenberg, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Henning von Tresckow, Bishop Clemens August Graf von Galen, and the monarchist Carl Friedrich Goerdeler.

It was here in court that Galen wrote extensively on medical subjects.

Galen compliments Severus and Caracalla on keeping a supply of drugs for their friends and mentions three cases in which they had been of use in 198 AD.

Because of this restriction, Galen performed anatomical dissections on living ( vivisection ) and dead animals, mostly focusing on pigs and primates.

Among Galen ’ s major contributions to medicine was his work on the circulatory system.

Galen was also a highly skilled surgeon, and he performed surgical operations on human patients.

Of particular note are procedures that Galen performed on patients ’ brains and eyes.

Galen, however, staunchly defended venesection in his three books on the subject, and in his demonstrations and public disputations.

Although the main focus of his work was on medicine, anatomy, and physiology, Galen also wrote about logic and philosophy.

A few centuries after Galen Palladius Iatrosophista in his commentary on Hippocrates, stated that Hippocrates sowed and Galen reaped.

From then on Galen and the Greek medical tradition in general became assimilated into the medieval and early modern Islamic Middle East.

As the title, Doubts on Galen by Rhazes implies, as well as the writings of physicians such as Ibn Zuhr ( Avenzoar ) and Ibn al-Nafis, the works of Galen were not accepted unquestioningly, but as a challengeable basis for further inquiry.

A strong emphasis on experimentation and empiricism led to new results and new observations, which were contrasted and combined with those of Galen by writers such as Rhazes, Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi ( Haly Abbas ), Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi ( Abulasis ), Ibn Sina ( Avicenna ), Ibn Zuhr and Ibn al-Nafis.

From that time, Galenism took on a new, unquestioned authority, Galen even being referred to as the " Medical Pope of the Middle Ages ".

The most important translator of Galen's works into Latin was Niccolò di Deoprepio da Reggio, who spent several years working on Galen.

This Greek manuscript of Galen ’ s treatise on the pulse is interleaved with a Latin translation.

* Debru A. Galen on Pharmacology: Philosophy, History, and Medicine: Proceedings of the Vth International Galen Colloquium, Lille, 16 – 18 March 1995 BRILL 1997 ISBN 90-04-10403-8, ISBN 978-90-04-10403-7

Galen on Psychology, Psychopathology, and Function and Diseases of the Nervous System 1973 ( this text is not regarded highly by most Galen scholars )

Rowell wrote about the quest for such images in his books Mountain Light, Galen Rowell's Vision, and Inner Game of Outdoor Photography.

* Historical links for the Town of Galen

He had also sampled various special fields of learning, being unable to miss some study of divinity, Justinian ( law ), and Galen ( medicine ).

This was one of the earliest examples of a postmortem autopsy, through which he discovered that Galen was incorrect regarding the formation of the bones of the lower jaw and sacrum.

* William Galen Gray chronology — Timeline of Conan's Journeys ( 1997, rev.

2004 ), was fan William Galen Gray's attempt to create " a chronology of all the stories, both Howard and pastiche.

Hippocrates discussed " water " surrounding the brain when describing congenital hydrocephalus, and Galen referred to " excremental liquid " in the ventricles of the brain, which he believed was purged into the nose.

Although most of the relevant tissues and endocrine glands had been identified by early anatomists, a more humoral approach to understanding biological function and disease was favoured by the ancient Greek and Roman thinkers such as Aristotle, Hippocrates, Lucretius, Celsus, and Galen, according to Freeman et al., and these theories held sway until the advent of germ theory, physiology, and organ basis of pathology in the 19th century.

Galen Lab, U. C.

Aelius Galenus or Claudius Galenus ( AD 129 –), better known as Galen of Pergamon ( modern-day Bergama, Turkey ), was a prominent Roman ( of Greek ethnicity ) physician, surgeon and philosopher.

Arguably the most accomplished of all medical researchers of antiquity, Galen contributed greatly to the understanding of numerous scientific disciplines, including anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, and neurology, as well as philosophy and logic.

The son of Aelius Nicon, a wealthy architect with scholarly interests, Galen received a comprehensive education that prepared him for a successful career as a physician and philosopher.

Galen conducted many nerve ligation experiments that supported the theory, which is still accepted today, that the brain controls all the motions of the muscles by means of the cranial and peripheral nervous systems.

Galen saw himself as both a physician and a philosopher, as he wrote in his treatise entitled That the Best Physician is also a Philosopher.

Galen was very interested in the debate between the rationalist and empiricist medical sects, and his use of direct observation, dissection and vivisection represents a complex middle ground between the extremes of those two viewpoints.

Galen describes his early life in On the affections of the mind.

and attracted both Stoic and Platonic philosophers, to whom Galen was exposed at age 14.

His father had planned a traditional career for Galen in philosophy or politics and took care to expose him to literary and philosophical influences.

However, Galen states that in around 145 AD his father had a dream in which the god Asclepius ( Aesculapius ) appeared and commanded Nicon to send his son to study medicine.

Galen claims that the High Priest chose him over other physicians after he eviscerated an ape and challenged other physicians to repair the damage.

When they refused, Galen performed the surgery himself and in so doing won the favor of the High Priest of Asia.

Galen went to Rome in 162 AD and made his mark as a practicing physician.

During the autumn of 169 AD when Roman troops were returning to Aquileia, the great plague broke out and the emperor summoned Galen back to Rome.

In the following spring Marcus was persuaded to release Galen after receiving a report that Asclepius was against the project.