The first statement of modern " tree-based " Genetic Programming ( that is, procedural languages organized in tree-based structures and operated on by suitably defined GA-operators ) was given by Nichael L. Cramer ( 1985 ).

* ECJ-Evolutionary Computation / Genetic Programming research system ( Java )

* Lil-Gp Genetic Programming System ( C ).

* Banzhaf, Wolfgang ; Nordin, Peter ; Keller, Robert ; Francone, Frank ( 1998 ) Genetic Programming – An Introduction, Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA.

* Koza, John ( 1992 ), Genetic Programming: On the Programming of Computers by Means of Natural Selection, MIT Press.

* Genetic Algorithms Index The site Genetic Programming Notebook provides a structured resource pointer to web pages in genetic algorithms field

* Bastian A., Identifying Fuzzy Models utilizing Genetic Programming, Fuzzy Sets and Systems 113, 333 – 350, 2000

John Koza has his own company Genetic Programming Inc., and uses a 1000 node Beowulf cluster, composed of Pentium II and DEC Alpha processors, to do his research.

Genetic Programming: On the Programming of Computers by Means of Natural Selection, MIT Press.

Genetic Programming II: Automatic Discovery of Reusable Programs, MIT Press.

Genetic Programming 1996: Proceedings of the First Annual Conference ( Complex Adaptive Systems ), MIT Press.

Genetic Programming 1997: Proceedings of the Second Annual Conference, Morgan Kaufmann.

Genetic Programming 1998, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers.

Genetic Programming III: Darwinian Invention and Problem Solving, Morgan Kaufmann.

Genetic Programming IV: Routine Human-Competitive Machine Intelligence, Springer.

* Bäck, T. ( 1996 ), Evolutionary Algorithms in Theory and Practice: Evolution Strategies, Evolutionary Programming, Genetic Algorithms, Oxford Univ.

*" An evolutionary art program using Cartesian Genetic Programming "

Genetic Programming — An Introduction.

Genetic Programming: On the Programming of Computers by means of Natural Evolution.

Warriors can also be generated by Genetic Algorithms or Genetic Programming.

Genetic testing is now used for:

Genetic engineering, using recombinant DNA, alters the genetic makeup of the animal for selected purposes, including producing therapeutic proteins in cows and goats.

* International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture

The FAO hosts DAD-IS, the Domestic Animal Diversity Information System, a communication and information tool for the management of animal genetic resources which provides the user with searchable databases of breed-related information, management tools, and contacts for the Regional and National Coordinators for the Management of Animal Genetic Resources programme.

Genetic research has provided a basis for a more concise classification for the living members of the cat family based on genotypical groupings.

* Genetic Engineering A UK site for students, with case studies and ethical responses

Genetic data indicate the types have not interbred for up to 10, 000 years.

The European Cultivated Potato Database ( ECPD ) is an online collaborative database of potato variety descriptions, updated and maintained by the Scottish Agricultural Science Agency within the framework of the European Cooperative Programme for Crop Genetic Resources Networks ( ECP / GR )— which is organised by the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute ( IPGRI ).

* International Society for Plasmid Biology and other Mobile Genetic Elements

Genetic mutations could occur, which could elevate their potential for causing widespread harm ; thus close observation by contagious disease specialists is merited.

Genetic counseling may be helpful for families at risk for polycystic kidney disease.

Piaget created the International Centre for Genetic Epistemology in Geneva in 1955 and directed it until 1980.

Genetic and morphometric analysis of sixteenth century Canis skull fragments: implications for historic eastern and gray wolf distribution in North America.

If researchers were trying to initially determine the chromosomal location of a particular disease gene, they would analyze the DNA of members of a family afflicted by the disease, and look for RFLP alleles that show a similar pattern of inheritance as that of the disease ( see Genetic linkage ).

RFLP analysis was also the basis for early methods of Genetic fingerprinting, useful in the identification of samples retrieved from crime scenes, in the determination of paternity, and in the characterization of genetic diversity or breeding patterns in animal populations.

Genetic predisposition appears to be limited: genetic concordance is small ; still, there often is a familial predisposition for autoimmune disease.

* Genetic Similarity and Ethnic Nationalism-An Attempted Sociobiological Explanation of the scientific basis for Political Group Formation.

Genetic programming often uses tree-based internal data structures to represent the computer programs for adaptation instead of the list structures typical of genetic algorithms.

* Goldberg, David E ( 2002 ), The Design of Innovation: Lessons from and for Competent Genetic Algorithms, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.

* Schmitt, Lothar M ( 2004 ), Theory of Genetic Algorithms II: models for genetic operators over the string-tensor representation of populations and convergence to global optima for arbitrary fitness function under scaling, Theoretical Computer Science 310: 181 – 231

* Genetic Roulette: The Documented Health Risks of Genetically Engineered Foods