The German intervention ( grey arrows ) and final offensives of the War

* 1942 – World War II: The German offensives Operation Edelweiss and Operation Braunschweig begin.

The German doctrine was to use these to exploit breakthroughs in Blitzkrieg offensives, the French envisaged them being used to shift reserves rapidly in a defensive battle.

The German spring offensives of 1918 failed, and with gthe arrival of the American in summer at the rate of 10, 000 a day the Germans realized they were being overwhelmed.

Nivelle planned a three-phase operation: preliminary offensives to pin German reserves by the British at Arras and the French between the Somme and the Oise ; a French breakthrough offensive on the Aisne ; and pursuit and exploitation.

As in so many previous offensives on the Western Front, the German assailants had lost effective artillery cover by advancing too fast in the early stages of the attack.

The same artillery piece, secrets of which Dreyfus was accused of revealing to the Germans, was used in blunting the early German offensives, because of its ability to maintain accuracy during rapid fire.

The Liberal Party finally split openly during the Maurice Debate in 1918, at which Lloyd George was accused ( almost certainly correctly ) of hoarding manpower in the UK to prevent Haig from launching any fresh offensives ( e. g. Passchendaele, 1917 ), possibly with a view to sending more troops to Palestine or Italy instead, and thus contributing to Allied weakness during the temporarily successful German offensives of spring 1918, in which British casualties were actually heavier than in their own offensives the previous year.

The German military, exhausted by the efforts of the March offensives and dispirited by their failure, was first seriously defeated during the battle of Amiens ( 8 – 11 August 1918 ) and the German homefront entered general revolt over a lack of food and destruction of the economy.

By May, Foch had spotted flaws in the German offensives.

However, the modifications to the original plan, a French counterattack on the outskirts of Paris ( the Battle of the Marne ) and surprisingly speedy Russian offensives ended the German offensive and resulted in years of trench warfare.

Finally the entrance of the United States on the side of the Allies in 1917, and the arrival of substantial U. S. troops, coupled with the failure of the final German offensives in the West in early 1918, allowed the Allies to push the Germans out of France and into Belgium, towards the German border.

Activated in World War I in France, I Corps oversaw US Army divisions as they repelled several major German offensives and led them into Germany.

From February to July, 1918, the German Army launched four major offensives, attempting to secure victory before the full American forces could be mobilized.

With the defeat of these German drives, I Corps conducted its first offensive mission, participating in the Second Battle of the Marne from 18 July until 6 August, which resulted in the reduction of the more important salients driven into Allied lines by the German offensives.

Prior to Haig's offensives at Ypres and Aubers Ridge in April and May, Trenchard's camera crews flew reconnaissance sorties over the German lines.

That same month Ludendorff planned and directed Germany's final Western Front offensives, including Operation Michael, Operation Georgette and Operation Bluecher ; although not formally a commander-in-chief, Ludendorff directed operations by issuing orders to the staffs of the armies at the front, as was perfectly normal under the German system of that time.

The Red Army took advantage of the German army's poor preparation for winter, and that its forces in the southern Soviet Union were overstretched near Stalingrad, using weaker Romanian troops to guard their flanks ; the offensives ' starting points were established along the section of the front directly opposite Romanian forces.

Two thirds of the meetings were in the crisis period between May and the halting of the German offensives in July 1918.

Soviet Russia has been invaded twice by German troops in a generation.

The truth is that Communist Russia fears the resurgence of German militarism.

The trial will be held, probably the first week of March, in the famous Old Bailey central criminal court where Klaus Fuchs, the naturalized British German born scientist who succeeded in giving American and British atomic bomb secrets to Russia and thereby changed world history during the 1950s, was sentenced to 14 years in prison.

They attributed everything that went wrong in Russia to German influence and intrigue.

This leader must be a man who lives above illusions that heretofore have shaped the foreign policy of the United States, namely that Russia will agree to a reunited Germany, that the East German government does not exist, that events in Japan in June 1960 were Communist-inspired, that the true government of China is in Formosa, that Mao was the evil influence behind Khrushchev at the Summit Conference in Paris in May 1960, and that either China or Russia wants or expects war.

* 1824 – Maria Alexandrovna, German wife of Alexander II of Russia ( d. 1880 )

* 1914 – World War I: Battle of Stallupönen – The German army of General Hermann von François defeats the Russian force commanded by Paul von Rennenkampf near modern-day Nesterov, Russia.

In addition, El Lissitzky's book Russia: an Architecture for World Revolution published in German in 1930 featured several illustrations of Vkhutemas / Vkhutein projects there.

On the Western Front, no Allied army had penetrated the western German frontier, and on the Eastern Front, Germany had already won the war against Russia, concluded with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.

From the beginning of World War I the German Empire had seen Eastern Europe — mainly Russia — as a major source of vital products and raw materials for sustaining the capacity of the nation, both during the war and after.

A total of 25 million German marks were spent on Russia.

Controlling the Finnish area would allow the German army to enter Russia at Petrograd and to penetrate northeast, towards the Kola Peninsula, an area rich with raw materials for the mining industry.

The policy of German leaders had been to foment unrest or revolution in Russia in order to force the Russians to sue for peace.

As to Finland's separation from Russia, Germany had hastened it, in order to get Finland within the German sphere of power.

In foreign policy, the Vaasa Senate leaned on the German Empire for military and political aid, in order to defeat the Finnish Red Guards, end the influence of Bolshevist Russia in Finland, and expand Finnish territory to Russian Karelia.

The fighting in Tampere was purely a civil war — Finn against Finn, " brother rising against brother "— as most of the Russian army had retreated to Russia in March and the German troops had yet to arrive in Finland.

Finnish nationalists leaning on Germanism had been seeking German aid in freeing Finland from Russian hegemony since Autumn 1917, but the Germans did not want to prejudice their armistice and peace negotiations with Russia because of the pressure they were facing at the Western front.

The German government promptly decided to teach Russia a lesson and, as a pretext for aggression, invited " requests for help " from the smaller countries west of Russia.

The German army did not alter its military plans concerning Finland after the peace treaty with the Bolsheviks because the Civil War of the Finns had opened an easy access with low costs to Fennoscandia, and because troops of a British Naval squadron had invaded the harbour of Murmansk on the northwestern coast of Russia by the Arctic Ocean on 9 March 1918.

During its 47 years of existence, the German Empire operated as an industrial, technological and scientific giant, receiving more Nobel Prizes in science than Britain, France, Russia and the United States combined.

Hitler's ideological foes were the Communists in Russia but because of the German failure to defeat the United Kingdom and the Italian failures in North Africa and the Mediterranean the Axis forces were split between garrisoning western Europe and Scandinavia and attacking Africa.

But Russia did form a closer relationship with France in the Dual Alliance of 1894, since both were worried about the possibilities of German aggression.

By the 1890s, German colonial expansion in Asia and the Pacific ( Kiauchau in China, the Marianas, the Caroline Islands, Samoa ) led to frictions with Britain, Russia, Japan and the United States.