The German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche has been said to have taken nearly all of his political philosophy from Aristotle.

German philosopher Max Scheler distinguishes two ways in which the strong can help the weak.

* 1730 – Johann Georg Hamann, German philosopher ( d. 1788 )

* 1770 – Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, German philosopher ( d. 1831 )

Albert Schweitzer, OM ( 14 January 1875 – 4 September 1965 ) was a German and then French theologian, organist, philosopher, physician, and medical missionary.

** This German publication is both one of the most comprehensive general introductions to the life and works of the philosopher and physician Avicenna ( Ibn Sīnā, d. 1037 ) and an extensive and careful survey of his contribution to the history of science.

* 1914 – Gerd Buchdahl, German philosopher ( d. 2001 )

Those such as James A. Weisheipl and Joachim R. Söder have referred to him as the greatest German philosopher and theologian of the Middle Ages, an opinion supported by contemporaries such as Roger Bacon.

German philosopher Immanuel Kant devised an argument from morality based on practical reason.

In his Critique of Pure Reason, German philosopher Immanuel Kant stated that no successful argument for God's existence arises from reason alone.

* 1802 – Franz Aepinus, German philosopher ( b. 1724 )

* 1985 – Carl Schmitt, German philosopher and theorist ( b. 1888 )

Other utilitarian-type views include the claims that the end of action is survival and growth, as in evolutionary ethics ( the 19th-century English philosopher Herbert Spencer ); the experience of power, as in despotism ( the 16th-century Italian political philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli and the 19th-century German Friedrich Nietzsche ); satisfaction and adjustment, as in pragmatism ( 20th-century American philosophers Ralph Barton Perry and John Dewey ); and freedom, as in existentialism ( the 20th-century French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre ).

He entered the Kriegsakademie ( also cited as " The German War School ," the " Military Academy in Berlin ," and the " Prussian Military Academy ") in Berlin in 1801 ( age 21 ), studied the writings of the philosopher Immanuel Kant, and won the regard of General Gerhard von Scharnhorst, the future first chief of staff of the new Prussian Army ( appointed 1809 ).

The German philosopher Gottfried Leibniz made a similar argument with his principle of sufficient reason in 1714.

The name affinitas was first used in the sense of chemical relation by German philosopher Albertus Magnus near the year 1250.

With the work of the latter philosopher, critical theory transcended its theoretic roots in German idealism, and progressed closer to American pragmatism.

It wasn ’ t until the late 1800s, however, that a young German philosopher by the name of Herman Ebbinghaus developed the first scientific approach to studying memory.

Its modern-day function was originated by the innovations of Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, an 18th-century German playwright, philosopher, and theorist about theatre.

* 1694 – Hermann Samuel Reimarus, German philosopher and writer ( d. 1768 )

also written von Haeckel, was an eminent German biologist, naturalist, philosopher, physician, professor and artist who discovered, described and named thousands of new species, mapped a genealogical tree relating all life forms, and coined many terms in biology, including anthropogeny, ecology, phylum, phylogeny, stem cell, and the kingdom Protista.

* 1895 – Max Horkheimer, German philosopher and sociologist ( d. 1973 )

* 1622 – Johannes Clauberg, German theologian and philosopher ( d. 1665 )

* 1858 – Franz Boas, German anthropologist ( d. 1942 )

* 1850 – Otto Schoetensack, German anthropologist ( d. 1912 )

* 1752 – Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, German anthropologist ( d. 1840 )

The first prominent physical anthropologist, the German physician Johann Friedrich Blumenbach ( 1752 – 1840 ) of Göttingen, amassed a large collection of human skulls.

* Heinrich von Siebold, ( 1852-1908 ), German diplomat and anthropologist

* December 23 – Otto Schoetensack, German anthropologist ( b. 1850 )

* December 22 – Franz Boas, German anthropologist ( b. 1858 )

* May 11 – Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, German anthropologist ( d. 1840 )

* July 9 – Franz Boas, German anthropologist ( d. 1942 )

** Otto Schoetensack, German anthropologist ( d. 1912 )

The German anthropologist Karl Jettmar explains that Chinese exonyms calling outsiders " wild beasts, jackals, and wolves " linguistically justified using brutality against them.

German anthropologist Michael Wagener points out that Erzsebet continued to use torture after her husbands death, and even refined her methods.

Rudolph Carl Virchow ( 13 October 1821 – 5 September 1902 ) was a German doctor, anthropologist, pathologist, prehistorian, biologist and politician, known for his advancement of public health.

| SHORT DESCRIPTION = German doctor, anthropologist, public health activist, pathologist, prehistorian, biologist and politician

The Noric race ( German: Norische Rasse ) was a racial category proposed by the anthropologist Victor Lebzelter.

Ludwig Andreas von Feuerbach ( July 28, 1804, Landshut, Lower Bavaria – September 13, 1872 ) was a German philosopher and anthropologist.

Johann Friedrich Blumenbach ( 11 May 1752 – 22 January 1840 ) was a German physician, naturalist, physiologist, and anthropologist.

Ernst Wilhelm Julius Bornemann ( April 12, 1915 – June 4, 1995 ) was a German crime writer, filmmaker, anthropologist, ethnomusicologist, jazz musician, jazz critic, psychoanalyst, sexologist, and committed socialist.

* May 11-Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, German physiologist and anthropologist ( died 1840 )

German Jewish anthropologist Franz Weidenreich replaces him as honorary director of the Laboratory and excavations continue uncovering a further three skullcaps in 1936.

* Ludwig Kohl-Larsen ( 1884 – 1969 ), a German physician, amateur anthropologist, and explorer

* Adolf Bastian, German anthropologist ( 1826 – 1905 )

* Ludwig Feuerbach ( 1804-1872 ), German philosopher and anthropologist

* Johann Friedrich Blumenbach ( 1752-1840 ), German anatomist and anthropologist