Although Albert has received relatively little recognition in German history, his dissolution of the Teutonic State caused the founding of the Duchy of Prussia ( and also the Hohenzollern dynasty ), which would eventually become arguably the most powerful German state and instrumental in uniting the whole of Germany.

Carl Friedrich Gauss was born on 30 April 1777 in Braunschweig ( Brunswick ), in the Duchy of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, now part of Lower Saxony, Germany, as the son of poor working-class parents.

Kraepelin, the son of a civil servant, was born in 1856 in Neustrelitz, in the Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz in Germany.

The term of Franconia () is today commonly used to refer to the eastern part of the historic Duchy of Franconia in Germany.

As the Welf duke Henry the Proud, son-in-law and heir of Lothair and the most powerful prince in Germany, who had been passed over in the election, refused to acknowledge the new king, Conrad III deprived him of all his territories, giving the Duchy of Saxony to Albert the Bear and that of Bavaria to Leopold IV, Margrave of Austria.

Born in Iptingen, Duchy of Württemberg, Germany, Rapp was a “ bright but stubborn boy ” who was also deeply religious.

He was born in Walldorf, near Heidelberg in the old Palatinate which became part of the Duchy of Baden in 1803 ( now in Rhein-Neckar-Kreis in the state of Baden-Württemberg, Germany ).

Jacques Callot (; c. 1592 – 1635 ) was a baroque printmaker and draftsman from the Duchy of Lorraine ( an independent state on the North-Eastern border with France, Southwestern border of Germany and overlapping the Southern Netherlands ).

The lyrics written in 1841 describe a then – disunited Germany with the river as its western boundary, where King William I of the Netherlands had joined the German Confederation with his Duchy of Limburg in 1839.

The Prussians are forced to cede more than half their territory, which is formed into the Duchy of Warsaw in their former Polish lands and the Kingdom of Westphalia in western Germany.

After Rupert had won some recognition in Southern Germany, Rupert made an expedition to the Italian kingdom, where he hoped to receive the Imperial crown and to crush the rule of Gian Galeazzo Visconti over the thriving Duchy of Milan.

As the funeral procession moved through the Duchy of Bavaria in February 1002, Otto III's cousin Henry IV, son of Henry II and the new Duke of Bavaria, asked the bishops and nobles to elect him as the new king of Germany.

As Henry the Proud, son-in-law and heir of Lothair and the most powerful prince in Germany, who had been passed over in the election, refused to do the same, Conrad deprived him of all his territories, giving the Duchy of Saxony to Albert the Bear and that of Bavaria to Leopold IV, Margrave of Austria.

From the confiscated Bavarian territory, Otto II established the Duchy of Carinthia in southern Germany.

Peter Minuit, Pieter Minuit, Pierre Minuit or Peter Minnewit ( 1580 – August 5, 1638 ) was a Walloon from Wesel, in present-day North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, then part of the Duchy of Cleves.

These various sources of wealth and influence rendered Rudolph the most powerful prince and noble in southwestern Germany ( where the tribal Duchy of Swabia had disintegrated, leaving room for its vassals to become quite independent ) when, in the autumn of 1273, the prince-electors met to choose a king after Richard of Cornwall had died in England the year before.

George was born in Hanover, in what is now Germany, and inherited the titles and lands of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg from his father and uncles.

During the Thirty Years ' War Sweden gained tracts in Germany as well, including Western Pomerania, Wismar, the Duchy of Bremen, and Verden.

The Duchy of Upper Lorraine (, ; ) was an historical duchy roughly corresponding with the present-day northeastern Lorraine region of France, including parts of modern Luxembourg and Germany.

He was heir to the Grand Duchy of Baden and in 1918 briefly served as chancellor of Germany, overseeing the transformation into a parliamentary system.

Limburger is a cheese that originated during the 19th century in the historical Duchy of Limburg, which is now divided among modern-day Belgium, Germany, and Netherlands.

* Albert II of Germany ( 1397 – 1439 ), King of Germany, Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia, Duke of Austria

John XXIII was acknowledged as pope by France, England, Bohemia, Prussia, Portugal, parts of the Holy Roman Empire, and numerous Northern Italian city states, including Florence and Venice ; however, the Avignon Pope Benedict XIII was regarded as pope by the Kingdoms of Aragon, Castile, and Scotland and Gregory XII was still favored by Ladislaus of Naples, Carlo I Malatesta, the princes of Bavaria, Louis III, Elector Palatine, and parts of Germany and Poland.

It remains therefore unclear where exactly the Central European origins of the Boii lay, if somewhere in Gaul, Southern Germany or in Bohemia.

When, after the death of Emperor Otto I in 973, a struggle for the supremacy in Germany began, both Dobrawa's husband and brother Boleslav II the Pious, Duke of Bohemia, supported the same candidate for the German throne, Duke Henry II of Bavaria.

There were seventy-four Dominican female houses in Germany, forty-two in Italy, nine in France, eight in Spain, six in Bohemia, three in Hungary, and three in Poland.

Leaders and members of Unitas Fratrum were forced to choose to either leave the many and varied southeastern principalities of what was the Holy Roman Empire ( mainly Austria, Hungary, Bohemia, Moravia and parts of Germany and its many states ), or to practice their beliefs secretly.

Then Mieszko II ran a defensive war against Germany, Bohemia and the Kievan princes.

Mieszko II was still imprisoned in Bohemia and Otto probably in Germany.

The belief that the baptism was accomplished through the Czechs in order to avoid the dependence on Germany and the German Church is incorrect, because Bohemia would not have its own church organization until 973.

The upheaval was a problem for both Poland and Germany, but not for Bohemia.

* The first ruler conducted efficient foreign policy, which included agreements with Germany, Bohemia and Sweden, and prudently used his military resources.

When Charles landed in Dalmatia in September 1385, Mary's kingdom was already at war with both Sigismund's brother Wenceslaus, King of Bohemia and Germany, and the queen mother's cousin, King Tvrtko I of Bosnia.

The churches of Germany, Austria, Bohemia, and Switzerland created the Union of Utrecht after Vatican I ( 1871 ) over the Dogma of Papal Infallibility.

The first, in 1390, had been declared by his predecessor Pope Urban VI and was largely frequented by people from Germany, Hungary, Poland, Bohemia, and England.

He travelled widely on collecting trips to the mining regions of Germany, Bohemia and Silesia, often accompanied by his Bohemian naturalist friend, Thaddaeus Hagecius.

In March 1939, Germany invaded the remainder of Czechoslovakia and subsequently split it into the German Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and the pro-German client state, the Slovak Republic.

Over the centuries, the city has been part of either Kingdom of Poland, Bohemia, Austrian Empire, Prussia, or Germany, and has been part of Poland since 1945 as a result of border changes after World War II.

In the following months Boleslav's brothers Jaromir and Oldrich flee to Germany and place themselves under the protection of Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor, while Boleslaus III of Bohemia orders massacre of his leading nobles at Vyšehrad.

* Intense urbanistic activity in north and central Europe: Kalmar ( Kungälv ) and Varberg ( Sweden ) are chartered creation of the cities of Aach ( southern Germany ) and Nakléřov ( in Bohemia, German: Nollendorf ) and construction of the castle of Burgg Eppstein ( central Germany ).

Election of Rudolph I of Germany as King of Germany over Otakar II of Bohemia in 1273 led to open war in 1276 and Otakar's death in 1278 at the climactic Battle of Marchfeld.

* 1273 – September 29 – Rudolph I of Germany is elected King of Germany over rival candidate King Otakar II of Bohemia, ending the Interregnum ; Otakar refuses to acknowledge Rudolph as the new king, leading to the outbreak of war in 1276.