The Medici reigned Grand Dukes of Tuscany starting with Cosimo I de ' Medici in 1569, until the death of Gian Gastone de ' Medici in 1737.

Although fighting stopped after the preliminary peace in 1735, the final peace settlement had to wait until the death of the last Medici Grand Duke of Tuscany, Gian Gastone in 1737, to allow the territorial exchanges provided for by the peace settlement to go into effect.

* May 24 – Gian Gastone de ' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany ( d. 1737 )

* The direct male line of the Medici family becomes extinct with the death of Gian Gastone de ' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany.

* July 9 – Gian Gastone de ' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany ( b. 1671 )

They ruled the Grand Duchy of Tuscany from its inception until 1737, with the death of Gian Gastone de ' Medici.

Francis Stephen was to receive the Grand Duchy of Tuscany upon the death of childless Grand Duke Gian Gastone de ' Medici.

Although fighting stopped after the preliminary peace, the final peace settlement had to wait until the death of the last Medici Grand Duke of Tuscany, Gian Gastone in 1737, to allow the territorial exchanges provided for by the peace settlement to go into effect.

Elisabeth of Parma had also wanted the Grand Duchy of Tuscany for her son Charles III of Spain ; Gian Gastone de ' Medici was childless and was related to Elisabeth via her great grandmother Margherita de ' Medici.

Gian Gastone de ' Medici, who died on 9 July 1737, was the second cousin of Francis.

She also sought for him the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, because Gian Gastone de ' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany ( 1671-1737 ) was also childless.

His cousin Gian Gastone de ' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, was named his co-tutor and despite Charles being the default heir of Gian Gastone, the Grand Duke still gave him a warm welcome.

Gian Gastone staged a fête in honour of the Patron Saint of Florence, Jean-Baptiste, on 24 June.

At this fête Gian Gastone named Charles his heir, giving him the title of Hereditary Prince of Tuscany, and Charles paid homage to the Florentine senate, as was the tradition for heirs to the Tuscan throne.

After the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles VI, found out about the ceremony, he was greatly enraged due to Gian Gastone not giving him Imperial nomination having the rank of .. Ruler of the Romans.

After the death of Johann Wilhelm, Anna Maria Luisa returned to Florence, where she enjoyed the rank of first lady until the accession of her brother Gian Gastone, who banished her to the Villa La Quiete.

When Gian Gastone died in 1737, Francis Stephen's envoy offered Anna Maria Luisa the position of nominal regent of Tuscany, but she declined.

She departed for Düsseldorf, her husband ’ s capital, on 6 May 1691, accompanied by her younger brother, Gian Gastone.

Anna Maria Luisa arranged a marriage for her younger brother at the instigation of their father: On 2 July 1697 Gian Gastone de ' Medici married Anna Maria Franziska of Saxe-Lauenburg, heiress of the eponymous duchy, in Düsseldorf.

Following the death of his heir apparent, Ferdinando, in 1713, Cosimo deposited a bill in the Senate, Tuscany's titular legislature, promulgating that if Cosimo and his new heir, Gian Gastone, were to predecease the Electress she would mount the throne.

Upon hearing of Anna Maria Luisa's intention to return, Violante Beatrice prepared to depart for Munich, her brother's capital, but Gian Gastone wished her to stay, so she did.

On 25 October 1723, six days before his death, Cosimo III distributed a final proclamation commanding that Tuscany shall stay independent ; Anna Maria Luisa shall succeed uninhibited after Gian Gastone ; the Grand Duke reserves the right to choose his successor.

In the second half of the fifteenth century stands in the field of dialect literature Gian Giorgio Allioni of Asti, poet, playwright and writer who knowing poetry in French and Italian, wrote several farces in dialect, expressing " an Astezan " and providing a vivid picture of customs and life of the period and the Italian theater of the sixteenth century, often steeped in satire and mockery.

Gian Gastone recalled Governor Violante Beatrice to the royal court and banished his sister, the Dowager Electress, to the Villa La Quiete.

Governor Violante Beatrice and the Dowager Electress, following the former's sojourn in Rome, in spite of their mutual dislike of each other, attempted to ameliorate Gian Gastone's decadent public image together.

To discredit these, the Dowager Electress induced Gian Gastone to make a public appearance — his final one — on Saint John the Baptist's day of 1729.

Worried for her brother's soul, the Dowager Electress had the irreligious Gian Gastone repent for his sins.

In spite of their mutual dislike, the Electress and Violante Beatrice attempted to improve Gian Gastone's poor public image together.

The Ruspanti, Gian Gastone's morally corrupt entourage, hated the Electress ; and she, them.

The Medici were wanting in male heirs ; his father, Cosimo III, wanted the Electress Palatine to succeed Gian Gastone.

By 1697, Violante Beatrice and Ferdinando had been married for eight years and still lacked issue, as did Gian Gastone's sister, the Electress Palatine.

Concerned for the future of the dynasty, Cosimo urged the Electress to find Gian Gastone — currently the only one of his siblings unmarried — a suitable bride.

Cosimo III deposited a bill in the Tuscan senate, the nominal legislature, provisioning for a male line succession failure by making the Electress Palatine Gian Gastone's heiress.

Violante Beatrice of Bavaria, to whom Gian Gastone had become quite attached, disliked the Electress and therefore left the grand ducal court for the position of governor of the town of Siena.

The Electress, now the first-lady of Tuscany, and Gian Gastone were not on good terms: he scorned her for marrying him to Anna Maria Franziska, who, for eleven years, made his life unbearable.

All his ambitions in regards to the succession being thwarted, Cosimo III distributed one final proclamation shortly before his death, on 31 October 1723, decreeing that the Electress shall succeed Gian Gastone.

Their union wrought a high level of discontentment, but despite the tension they had three children, notably Anna Maria Luisa de ' Medici, Electress Palatine and the last Medicean grand duke of Tuscany, Gian Gastone de ' Medici.

Together, they had 3 children: Ferdinando in 1663, Anna Maria Luisa, Electress Palatine, in 1667, and Gian Gastone, the last Medicean ruler of Tuscany, in 1671.

The Tramontano Castle, begun in the early 16th century by Gian Carlo Tramontano, Count of Matera, is probably the only other structure that is above ground of any great significance outside of the sassi.

The most important example is probably Gian Lorenzo Bernini's obelisk in the Piazza Navona in Rome.

* 1534: Villa Trissino a Cricoli, Vicenza ( once traditionally attributed, but probably designed by Gian Giorgio Trissino )

It is likely that Gian Giacomo even had a residence in Cima, on the same spot where now stands a hotel, probably not called by chance Parco San Marco.

While there he probably taught Gian Matteo Asola and Marc ' Antonio Ingegneri, the teacher of Monteverdi ; it is possible, though not proven, that he taught Andrea Gabrieli there as well.

Taking advantage of Gian Maria's cruelty, he managed to create in him doubts about Caterina, who was imprisoned in Monza, where she died on 17 October 1404, probably murdered.