Given their great antiquity, where and when they first existed is not known and perhaps unknowable.

Given that the dispute with Pizarro over Cuzco had kept intensifying, Almagro spent a great deal of time and money equipping a company of 500 men for a new exploration south of Peru.

Given the great historical link between Persian and Jewish history, modern day Persian Jews are called " Esther's Children ".

Given the distances between the stars, the great majority of stellar systems in colliding galaxies will be unaffected.

Given the repeated failures and frustrations of workers ' revolutions and movements, Marx also sought to understand capitalism, and spent a great deal of time in the reading room of the British Museum studying and reflecting on the works of political economists and on economic data.

Given the biogeography and appearance of the subgenus Olor it seems likely that these are of a more recent origin, as evidence shows by their modern ranges ( which were mostly uninhabitable during the last ice age ) and great similarity between the taxa.

On 24 July 2003, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith stated, " Given the centrality of the celebration of the Eucharist in the life of a priest, one must proceed with great caution before admitting to Holy Orders those candidates unable to ingest gluten or alcohol without serious harm.

Given its great distance, the daytime " guest star " observed by the Chinese could only have been a supernova — a massive, exploding star, having exhausted its supply of energy from nuclear fusion and collapsed in on itself.

Given the great depth of Lake Tahoe, and the locations of the normal faults within the deepest portions of the lake, modeling suggests that earthquakes on these faults can trigger tsunamis.

Given the very conservative engineering of the early IBM personal computers and their higher than average prices, this was not a terribly difficult task at first, bar only the great technical challenge of crafting a BIOS that duplicated the function of the IBM BIOS exactly but did not infringe on copyrights.

Given the demands of his career in the Navy and NASA, Pete and Jane spent a great deal of time apart, and Pete saw less of his boys growing up than he would have liked.

Given that other philosophers claim that scientific accounts of our mental lives, particularly in the cognitive sciences, need this idea, this claim of McDowell's has provoked a great deal of discussion.

Given his history with the Ruthvens, and that he owed them a great deal of money, James's account of the circumstances was not universally believed.

Given the age of the institution, many of the collections have great historical as well as scientific value, such as specimens collected by Darwin.

Weekly Standard Editor William Kristol said at the time, " Given that Reagan obviously couldn't be here, I think it was important to have Mrs. Thatcher because she and Reagan are really the great heroes of conservatism in the last few decades and still today.

Given my time again, I wouldn't repeat it-but the great legend is complete, bloody rubbish.

: Given the centrality of the celebration of the Eucharist in the life of a priest, one must proceed with great caution before admitting to Holy Orders those candidates unable to ingest alcohol without serious harm.

Given the ability to knock down, in essence, any gene of interest, RNAi via siRNAs has generated a great deal of interest in both basic and applied biology.

Given its extensive use in religious literature, primarily in Hinduism, and the fact that most modern Indian languages have been directly derived from or strongly influenced by Sanskrit, the language and its literature is of great importance in Indian culture akin to that of Greek and Latin in European culture.

Given a unit sphere, a " triangle " on the surface of the sphere is defined by the great circles connecting three points u, v, and w on the sphere.

Given the fact that, at one time, Llanrwst was one of the ten largest towns in Wales, it can be seen that the Conwy Valley had great historical significance.

Given that the Communist governments all insisted on having a total monopoly of control over educational institutions, the preservation of its independence was a great achievement.

Given the precision of Brown's calculations, it must have come as a great disappointment to have to introduce this arbitrary adjustment.

Given that winter was coming, and many lorries were overloaded with coal, a great number of lorries failed the test.

Given the United States ' large size it has numerous regional variations.

Given that drug poisoning causes a large portion of patients in a coma, hospitals first test all comatose patients by observing pupil size and eye movement, through the vestibular-ocular reflex.

Given a fixed budget, this can allow an increased sample size.

Given its roughly constant size, the encyclopaedia has needed to reduce or eliminate some topics to accommodate others, resulting in controversial decisions.

We have seen a few cavities of the appropriate size and shape for ivory-bills, but these can be old, or exceptionally large Pileated Woodpecker cavities, or mammal-enlarged Pileated Woodpecker cavities .… Given the results, it is unlikely a population of any meaningful size of Ivory-billed Woodpeckers exists in south Florida.

Given the overall size of trade between Mexico and the United States, there are remarkably few trade disputes, involving relatively small dollar amounts.

Given the diversity of functions performed by neurons in different parts of the nervous system, there is, as expected, a wide variety in the shape, size, and electrochemical properties of neurons.

Given the vast size of the area, such a change has the potential to affect areas well outside of the region.

Given the current size of the Web, even large search engines cover only a portion of the publicly available part.

* Aggregate signature-a signature scheme that supports aggregation: Given n signatures on n messages from n users, it is possible to aggregate all these signatures into a single signature whose size is constant in the number of users.

Given their large size, Great Danes continue to grow ( mostly gaining weight ) longer than most dogs.

Given the extent and central location of his original holding from the Mill Seat Tract, and the fact that most of the town's pre-1944 building lots are to, Bare's ability to shape the size and extent of development in Roaring Spring was substantial.

Given the borough's small size, as well as the county's small population, the presence of business and government remain limited.

Given the size of Merchant's capital outlay — including construction in Boswell of the world's largest tipple, a central business district and a high school — the company planned big things for Boswell.

: Given two sets, A and T, of equal size, together with a weight function C: A × T → R. Find a bijection f: A → T such that the cost function:

Given the observation space, the state space, a sequence of observations, transition matrix of size such that stores the transition probability of transiting from state to state, emission matrix of size such that stores the probability of observing from state, an array of initial probabilities of size such that stores the probability that. We say a path is a sequence of states that generate the observations.

Given the small size of the Netherlands, the latter co-operation is not likely to be symmetrical.

Given the size of the book, this story is most likely apocryphal.

Given the age of the current Justices, this allowed a Supreme Court size of up to 15 Justices.

Given a bin size and a list of items with sizes to pack, find an integer and a-partition of such that for all.

Given that G. atlantica is a small and G. stehlini a giant species, and that it is also not known when exactly the later evolved its large size, the ancestral lizards which colonized the central and western islands may have been still small or already large.

Given that average size of a peasant family was 5, land reforms program brought freedom to approximately 9 million people, or 40 % of Iran's population.