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Greek merchants and clergy of Byzantine aristocratic origin, who acquired great economic prosperity and political influence, and were later known as Phanariotes, settled in the extreme northwestern district of Constantinople, which had become central to Greek interests after the establishment of the Patriarch's headquarters in 1461 ( shortly after Hagia Sophia was converted into a mosque ).
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Greek and merchants
Some Greeks grew rich as merchants and shipowners, and Piraeus became a major port, but little of this wealth found its way to the Greek peasantry.
In the latter part of the 8th century BC, Greek merchants brought classical civilization to the trade emporiums in Tanais and Phanagoria.
The purpose of " Against Heresies " was to refute the teachings of various Gnostic groups ; apparently, several Greek merchants had begun an oratorial campaign in Irenaeus ' bishopric, teaching that the material world was the accidental creation of an evil god, from which we are to escape by the pursuit of gnosis.
Between the first and the fifth centuries AD, Greek merchants from Egypt had some stake in the trade.
The ancient Greek view of the heavenly bodies on which their navigation was based was imported from Babylonia by the Ionian Greeks, who used it to become a seafaring nation of merchants and colonists during the Archaic period in Greece.
:* 1st century AD: City states on the Somali coast are active in commerce trading with Greek, and later Roman merchants.
Viking, Arab, Greek and Jewish merchants ( known as Radhanites ) were all involved in the slave trade during the Early Middle Ages.
Category: Ancient Greek merchants
An ancient Greek marble sarcophagus had been reused to bury the Saint ; but his bones were stolen in 1087 by merchants from Bari, and are now held in the cathedral of that city.
The text was composed and distributed almost entirely in Latin, which was still the official language of the government of the Empire in 529 – 534, whereas the prevalent language of merchants, farmers, seamen, and other citizens was Greek.
Greek merchants established a Tyrian purple dye factory here.
In 1514, Dimitri Caloiri of Ioannina obtained reduced custom duties for Greek merchants coming from the towns of Ioannina, Arta and Avlona in Epirus.
In the second half of the 16th c., the presence of Greek and other merchants from the Ottoman Empire declined after a series of restrictive measures taken by the Italian authorities and the pope.
* The Greek merchants of Massilia, frightened by Carthaginian successes in Spain ( including their exploitation of the Spanish ( silver mines ), appeal to Rome.
Category: Ancient Greek merchants
This syle was very popular in the south of the US and many mansions and houses were built for the merchants and rich plantation owners, serve as an example Millford Plantation, regarded as one of the finest Greek Revival residential architecture in the country.
On May 10, 1821, Theophilos Kairis, one of the leading intellectuals of the Greek Revolution, declared the War of Independence by raising the Greek flag at the picturesque cliffside church of St George: at this time, a famous heartfelt speech, or " ritoras " ( ρήτορας ), inspired shipowners and merchants to contribute funds to build a Greek Navy to combat the Ottomans.
The next mention is a millennium later, when the raisins became a subject of trade between Venetian merchants and Greek producers from Ionian coasts.
Due to economic developments taking place both within and outside the Ottoman empire, the 18th century witnessed the ascent of two merchant groups to prosperity: Albanian sailors of several Aegean islands, such as Hydra and Andros, became affluent maritime merchants and Rumeli muleteers of Slav, Greek and predominantly Vlach origins changed from muleteers and peddlers to independent merchants and bankers after the treaty of Passarowitz.
As commerce expanded in the Balkans, Greek became the area's ' lingua franca ' and continental merchants homogenized through a process of assimilation to the Greek ' high culture ' by the end of the century.
The closest to a Greek " national " flag during Ottoman rule was the so-called " Graeco-Ottoman flag " ( Γραικοθωμανική παντιέρα ), a civil ensign Greek Orthodox merchants ( better: merchants from the Greek-dominated Orthodox millet ) were allowed to fly on their ships, combining stripes with red ( for the Ottoman Empire ) and blue ( for Orthodoxy ) colors.
Greek and clergy
A bishop ( English derivation from the New Testament Greek ἐπίσκοπος, epískopos, " overseer ", " guardian ") is an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight.
The first mention of the language as the " Bulgarian language " instead of the " Slavonic language " comes in the work of the Greek clergy of the Bulgarian Archbishopric of Ohrid in the 11th century, for example in the Greek hagiography of Saint Clement of Ohrid by Theophylact of Ohrid ( late 11th century ).
In 1099, Crusaders captured and fortified Bethlehem and replaced its Greek Orthodox clergy with a Latin one.
The Greek Orthodox clergy were removed from their sees and replaced with Latin clerics.
The Latin clerics were forced to leave, allowing the Greek Orthodox clergy to return.
After the adoption of Christianity in Bulgaria in 865, religious ceremonies and Divine Liturgy were conducted in Greek by clergy sent from the Byzantine Empire, using the Byzantine rite.
After the adoption of Christianity in 865, religious ceremonies in Bulgaria were conducted in Greek by clergy sent from the Byzantine Empire.
Leo treated the Uniate Greeks with great loyalty, and by bull of 18 May 1521 forbade Latin clergy to celebrate mass in Greek churches and Latin bishops to ordain Greek clergy.
Ignacy Krasicki ( 3 February 173514 March 1801 ), from 1766 Prince-Bishop of Warmia ( in German, Ermland ) and from 1795 Archbishop of Gniezno ( thus, Primate of Poland ), was Poland's leading Enlightenment poet (" the Prince of Poets "), a critic of the clergy, Poland's La Fontaine, author of the first Polish novel, playwright, journalist, encyclopedist, and translator from French and Greek.
The term priest is derived from the Greek presbyter ( πρεσβύτερος, presbýteros, elder or senior ), but is often used in the sense of sacerdos in particular, i. e., for clergy performing ritual within the sphere of the sacred or numinous communicating with the gods on behalf of the community.
* Council of Preslav: The Byzantine clergy is expelled from Bulgaria, and the Greek language is replaced with Old Bulgarian ( also known as Old Church Slavonic ) as an official language.
At Mainz he held a council at which the Italian and French as well as the German clergy were represented, and ambassadors of the Greek emperor were present.
" Indeed, when a Papal legate ( Pelagio Galvani, Cardinal Bishop of Albano ) arrived in Constantinople in 1213 and began to imprison Orthodox clergy and to close churches on the orders of Pope Innocent III, Henry countermanded the orders on the request of the city's Greek clergy.
Greeks controlled the affairs of the Orthodox Church through the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, as the higher clergy of the Orthodox Church was mostly of Greek origin.
Directed by the Catholic clergy, he re-translated the Latin Vulgate Bible into English, using Hebrew and Greek sources, beginning in 1936.
It culminated in 1864, when the country clergy, provoked by the final acquittal of the essayists, had voted in convocation against the endowment of the Greek chair.
The teachers at these schools usually were recruited from the Orthodox clergy, and the language of instruction was Greek.
Being a classical scholar, he was repelled by the Byzantine and later influence on Greek society and was a fierce critic of the clergy and their alleged subservience to the Ottoman Empire.
As for the East, the Greek ecclesiastical historians Socrates and Sozomen, who wrote a century after the event, reported that the First Council of Nicaea ( 325 ) considered ordering all married clergy to refrain from conjugal relations, but the Council was dissuaded by Paphnutius of Thebes.
“ Despite six hundred years of decrees, canons, and increasingly harsh penalties, the Latin clergy still did, more or less illegally, what their Greek counterparts were encouraged to do by law — they lived with their wives and raised families.
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