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In the 13th century medieval Europe the English bishop Robert Grosseteste wrote on a wide range of scientific topics discussing light from four different perspectives: an epistemology of light, a metaphysics or cosmogony of light, an etiology or physics of light, and a theology of light, basing it on the works Aristotle and Platonism.
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13th and century
The Norse discovery was documented in the 13th century Icelandic Sagas and was corroborated by recent L ' Anse aux Meadows archeological evidence.
Earlier than 900 CE progressing past the 13th century, the population complexes were a major center of culture for the Ancient Pueblo Peoples.
In marked contrast to earlier constructions and villages on top of the mesas, the cliff dwellings at Mesa Verde reflected a region-wide trend towards the aggregation of growing regional populations into close, highly defensible quarters during the 13th century.
Near Kayenta, Arizona, Jonathan Haas of the Field Museum in Chicago has been studying a group of Ancient Pueblo villages that relocated from the canyons to the high mesa tops during the late 13th century.
He asserts that isolated communities relied on raiding for food and supplies, and that internal conflict and warfare became common in the 13th century.
In the 13th century, Ibn al-Nafis wrote his own novel Fadil ibn Natiq, known as Theologus Autodidactus in the West, as a critical response to Hayy ibn Yaqdhan.
When the great reform of the 11th century had put an end to the direct jurisdiction of the lay abbots, the honorary title of abbot continued to be held by certain of the great feudal families, as late as the 13th century and later, the actual head of the community retaining that of dean.
These ideas were found in a number of Kabbalistic works from the 13th century, and also among many mystics in the late 16th century.
The primary sources regarding Asgard come from the Prose Edda, written in the 13th century by Icelandic Snorri Sturluson, and the Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from a basis of much older Skaldic poetry.
Snorri's interpretation of the 13th century foreshadows 20th century views of Indo-European migration from the east.
* Wikisource: Prose Edda / Gylfaginning ( The Fooling Of Gylfe ) by Sturluson, Snorri, 13th century Edda, in English.
The pair are attested in both the Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, and the Prose Edda, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson.
His family, like many Wallaces, claimed a connection to William Wallace, a Scottish patriot and leader during the Wars of Scottish Independence in the 13th century.
Active contact between the Wajin ( the ethnically Japanese ) and the Ainu of Ezochi ( now known as Hokkaido ) began in the 13th century.
A rare High Medieval image of Alfred, 13th century
Dante Alighieri, in the Divine Comedy, recounts that he saw Alfonso's spirit seated outside the gates of Purgatory with the other monarchs whom Dante blamed for the chaotic political state of Europe during the 13th century.
13th and medieval
The East Slavic languages descend from a common predecessor, the language of the medieval Kievan Rus ' ( 9th to 13th centuries ).
The Estampie (, Occitan and, ) is a medieval dance and musical form, it was a popular instrumental style of the 13th and 14th centuries.
This accords with the teaching of the medieval Carmelites, who lived as an eremetic congregation on Carmel in the 13th century ; but who claimed ( without any evidence ) to be direct successors of Elijah and the Old Testament prophets.
* Stari Ras, Serbia-one of the first capitals of the medieval Serbian state of Raška, abandoned in the 13th century
The modern machete is very similar to some forms of the medieval falchion, a short sword popular from the 13th century onwards.
Beaumaris Castle in Wales was built in the late 13th century and is an example of concentric castle s which developed in the medieval period.
The first medieval walls were built in the 13th century.
According to Joseph Anglade, a philologist and specialist of medieval literature who helped impose the then archaic term Occitan as the sole correct name, the word Lemosin was first used to designate the language at the beginning of the 13th century by Catalan troubadour Raimon Vidal de Besalú in his Razós de trobar
* Self-correcting medieval palaeography exercises ( 13th / 14th century )
The name Piedmont comes from medieval Latin Pedemontium or Pedemontis, i. e., ad pedem montium, meaning “ at the foot of the mountains ” ( attested in documents of the end of the 13th century ).
The ancient part of the town is in a spectacular position on the top of a hill, where it preserves a particular medieval historical center, with ruins of a castle ( Castello della Fava ) and a square panoramic tower of the 13th century.
Another interesting record of medieval rhetorical thought can be seen in the many animal debate poems popular in England and the continent during the Middle Ages, such as The Owl and the Nightingale ( 13th century ) and Geoffrey Chaucer's Parliament of Fowls ( 1382?
A difficulty with any such historical search is that " Robert " was in medieval England a very common given name, and " Robin " ( or Robyn ), especially in the 13th century, was its very common diminutive.
While no solid proofs exists, it is often assumed the Three Crown Castle, which preceded the present Stockholm Palace, originated from these wooden structures, and that the medieval city quickly expanded around it in the mid 13th century.
The tale was quite common during the medieval era, appearing in Barlaam and Josaphat ( written in the 8th century ), an exemplum of Jacques de Vitry ( 13th century ) and Cento Novelle Antiche ( also 13th century ), The Seven Wise Masters, and Italian collection of fables called Fiori di Virtu ( 14th century ), Odo of Shirton's " De heremita iuvene " ( 12th century ), and a French fabliau ( 13th century ).
In the 13th century, the medieval German colonization of Transylvania ( central and North-Western Romania ) also included numerous Walloons.
The 13th century village of Castroreale, home to a tower from a medieval castle built by King Frederick II of Aragon, is located nearby.
* the Collegiata di San Secondo ( 13th century ) in the old medieval centre next to the Palazzo Civico.
Hereford Cathedral dates from 1079 and contains the Mappa Mundi, a medieval map of the world dating from the 13th century which was restored in the late 20th century.
During the 13th century, knights also began to add plates of armour to the surcoat, the armored surcoat later became the medieval coat of plates.
Recent studies suggest that the wolf may be a medieval sculpture dating from the 13th century.
The name Generalitat is actually older than Spain, dating back to the 13th century, to the medieval courts of the ancient Principality of Catalonia and the Kingdom of Valencia respectively.
13th and Europe
In Europe a similar liquid process in open-topped crucibles took place which was probably less efficient than the Roman process and the use of the term tutty by Albertus Magnus in the 13th century suggests influence from Islamic technology.
In Europe, the Medieval Warm Period ended some time towards the end of the 13th century, bringing the " Little Ice Age " and harsher winters with reduced harvests.
By the time of the rediscovery of the Roman law in Europe in the 12th and 13th centuries, the common law had already developed far enough to prevent a Roman law reception as it occurred on the continent.
Also, alone in Europe until the 13th century Italian florin, the Empire continued to produce sound gold coinage, the solidus of Diocletian becoming the bezant prized throughout the Middle Ages.
None of the first clocks survived from 13th century Europe, but various mentions in church records reveal some of the early history of the clock.
The word clock ( from the Celtic words clocca and clogan, both meaning " bell "), which gradually supersedes " horologe ", suggests that it was the sound of bells which also characterized the prototype mechanical clocks that appeared during the 13th century in Europe.
Catharism (; from, katharos, pure ) was a name given to a Christian religious movement with dualistic and gnostic elements that appeared in the Languedoc region of France and other parts of Europe in the 11th century and flourished in the 12th and 13th centuries.
By the 12th to 13th centuries A. D., monks were preparing illuminated manuscripts on vellum and parchment in monasteries throughout Europe and were using lead styli to draw lines for their writings and for the outlines for their illuminations.
In the 13th century the order reached all classes of Christian society, fought heresy, schism, and paganism by word and book, and by its missions to the north of Europe, to Africa, and Asia passed beyond the frontiers of Christendom.
During the 13th and 14th centuries, the Mongols relied heavily on espionage in their conquests in Asia and Europe.
Stories of kites were first brought to Europe by Marco Polo towards the end of the 13th century, and kites were brought back by sailors from Japan and Malaysia in the 16th and 17th centuries.
One such Arabic grimoire devoted to astral magic, the 12th century Ghâyat al-Hakîm fi ' l-sihr, was later translated into Latin and circulated in Europe during the 13th century under the name of the Picatrix.
Unlike pagan Rome, Christian Europe did not exercise a universal prohibition of the dissection and autopsy of the human body and such examinations were carried out regularly from at least the 13th century.
Until the 13th century Ghent was the biggest city in Europe after Paris ; it was bigger than London, Cologne or Moscow.
In Europe, its use became widespread in the 13th century, and peaked in the 14th and 15th centuries.
This view has been rejected since, as saltpeter does not appear to have been used in warfare in Europe or the Middle East before the 13th century, and is totally absent from the accounts of the Arabs, the foremost chemists of the Mediterranean world, before the same period.
The Mongol Empire conquered a large part of Asia in the 13th century, an area extending from China to Europe.
Marco Polo was not the first Westerner to travel to the Orient and return with amazing stories of this different culture, but his accounts published in the late 13th and early 14th centuries were the first to be widely read throughout Europe.
The popularity of Geoffrey's Historia and its other derivative works ( such as Wace's Roman de Brut ) is generally agreed to be an important factor in explaining the appearance of significant numbers of new Arthurian works in continental Europe during the 12th and 13th centuries, particularly in France.
Although lutes were in widespread use in Europe at least since the 13th century, and documents mention numerous early performers and composers, the earliest surviving music for the instrument dates from the late 15th century.
The most documented form of dance during the Middle Ages is the carol also called the " carole " or " carola " and known from the 12th and 13th centuries in Western Europe in rural and court settings.
Numerous leprosaria, or leper hospitals, sprang up in the Middle Ages ; Matthew Paris estimated that in the early 13th century there were 19, 000 across Europe.
Originally a Viking weapon, it was adopted by the Anglo-Saxons and Normans in the 11th century, spreading through Europe in the 12th and 13th centuries.
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