In process of time the title abbot was extended to clerics who had no connection with the monastic system, as to the principal of a body of parochial clergy ; and under the Carolingians to the chief chaplain of the king,, or military chaplain of the emperor, It even came to be adopted by purely secular officials.

The union was confirmed by Pope Paul V in 1606, at which time the congregation added the name of St. Barnabas to its title, adopted new constitutions, divided its houses into four provinces, two of them, St Clement's and St Pancras's, being in Rome.

Following his campaign, he adopted the title of " King of Galicia and Lodomeria " referring to his supremacy over the two neighbouring principalities.

In 1896, he adopted the title of Zia-ul-Millat-Wa-ud Din (" Light of the nation and religion "); and his zeal for the cause of Islam induced him to publish treatises on jihad.

To that end, he adopted the title of Princeps (" first citizen ") and some years after the victory was awarded the title of Augustus by the Roman Senate.

Various fictional stories have also adopted " chronicle " as part of their title, to give an impression of epic proportion to their stories.

It was used to describe the unlimited power and authority of the Pharaohs of Egypt, employed in the Byzantine court as a title of nobility, used by the rulers of Byzantine vassal states, and adopted as a title of the Byzantine Emperors.

Beginning with John the Faster, the Bishop of Constantinople ( John IV, 582-595 ) adopted as a formal title for himself the by-then-customary honorific, Ecumenical Patriarch (" pre-eminent father for the civilized world ") over the strong objections of Rome: a title based on the political prestige of Constantinople and its economic and cultural centrality in the Empire.

The Bulgarian imperial title " Tsar " was adopted by all Bulgarian monarchs up to the fall of Bulgaria under Ottoman rule.

It was only in the constitution of 1812 that the name " Españas " for the Spanish kingdom and the use of the title of " King of the Spains " were officially adopted.

The constitution of 1876 adopted for the first time the name " España " (" Spain ") for the Spanish nation, and from then on monarchs used the title of " King of Spain ".

In Hinduism, certain dynasties adopted a title expressing their positions as " servant " of a patron deity of the state, but in the sense of a ( prime ) minister under a figure head of state, ruling " in the name of " the patron god ( ess ), such as Patmanabha Dasa ( servant of Vishnu ) in the case of the Maharaja of Travancore.

In Spain, general Francisco Franco adopted the formal title Jefe del Estado, or Chief of State, and established himself as regent for a vacant monarchy.

He adopted the title " King of Arab Palestine ", much to the disgust of most other Arab states.

He adopted the title padshah durr-i dawran (' King, " pearl of the age ") and the Abdali tribe became known as the Durrani tribe after this.

When the administrative secretariats established by the Paris Convention ( 1883 ) and the Berne Convention ( 1886 ) merged in 1893, they located in Berne, and also adopted the term intellectual property in their new combined title, the United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property.

Its title was adopted from the book Der Einzige und sein Eigentum ( engl.

Kesgrave parish council officially adopted the title of a town in January 2000.

Before then the Germanic kingdoms had frequently conquered each other, but none had adopted the title of King of another people.

According to the Council of the League of Nations, meeting of August 1920: " draft mandates adopted by the Allied and Associated Powers would not be definitive until they had been considered and approved by the League ... the legal title held by the mandatory Power must be a double one: one conferred by the Principal Powers and the other conferred by the League of Nations ,"

The king thereupon adopted the Muslim title and name ( in Arabic ) of Sultan ( besides the old Divehi title of Maha Radun or Ras Kilege or Rasgefānu ) Muhammad al Adil, initiating a series of six Islamic dynasties consisting of eighty-four sultans and sultanas that lasted until 1932 when the sultanate became elective.

Thus ( Gaius ) Julius Caesar adopted his sister's grandson, Gaius Octavius, who became a Julius, eventually named Imperator Caesar Augustus, normally called in English Augustus, the founder of the Empire.

The company's motto, " Tempus Rerum Imperator " has been adopted by the Google Web Accelerator project.

Note that the Nervan-Antonine Emperors adopted the regularised style Imperator Caesar NN.

The " warrior " derivation was adopted by the linguist, Julius Pokorny, who presented it as being from Indo-European * bhei ( ə )-, * bhī -, " hit ;" however, not finding any Celtic names close to it ( except for the Boii ), he adduces examples somewhat more widely from originals further back in time: phohiio-s -, a Venetic personal name ; Boioi, an Illyrian tribe ; Boiōtoi, a Greek tribal name (" the Boeotians ") and a few others.

In Greek, the adjective kyriak-ós /- ē /- ón means " belonging, or pertaining, to a Kýrios " (" Lord "), and the usage was adopted by early Christians of the Eastern Mediterranean with regard to anything pertaining to the Lord Jesus Christ: hence " Kyriakós oíkos " (" house of the Lord ", church ), " Kyriakē " (" day of the Lord ", i. e. Sunday ), or " Kyriakē proseukhē " ( the " Lord's prayer ").

What began with rules (" canons ") adopted by the Apostles at the Council of Jerusalem in the first century has developed into a highly complex legal system encapsulating not just norms of the New Testament, but some elements of the Hebrew ( Old Testament ), Roman, Visigothic, Saxon, and Celtic legal traditions.

During the Danish-Norwegian personal union, Dannebrog (" Danish cloth ") was also the flag of Norway and continued to be, with slight modifications, until Norway adopted its current flag in 1821.

" Orthodox ", from Greek orthos (" right ", " true ", " straight ") + doxa (" opinion " or " belief ", related to dokein, " to think ") was adopted by the Church in order to distinguish itself from what was becoming a larger and larger body of non-orthodox Christian denominations.

Because of the vulnerability of a player in such a position, the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the National Federation of State High School Associations (" Fed ") have adopted rules providing that if a player is positioned at least 7 yards behind the neutral zone to receive a snap, opponents are not to deliberately contact the snapper until one second after the snap ( NCAA ), or until the snapper has a chance to react ( Fed ).

Despite the fact that Parsons only contributed two new songs to the album (" In My Hour of Darkness ", " Return of the Grievous Angel "), Parsons was highly enthused with his new sound and seemed to have finally adopted a serious, diligent mindset to his musical career, eschewing most drugs and alcohol during the sessions.

Himmler adopted the doctrine of Auftragstaktik (" mission command "), whereby orders were given as broad directives, with authority delegated downward to the appropriate level to carry them out in a timely and efficient manner.

He adopted the surname Abu-Jamal (" father of Jamal " in Arabic ) after the birth of his son Jamal on July 18, 1971.

The number system of the English language is of this type (" three hundred four "), as are those of other spoken languages, regardless of what written systems they have adopted.

The common contemporary Latin legal term used in documents of the Holy Roman Empire was for a long time regnum (" rule, domain, empire ", such as in Regnum Francorum for the Frankish Kingdom ) before imperium was in fact adopted, the latter first attested in 1157, whereas the parallel use of regnum never fell out of use during the Middle Ages.

They adopted the term (" the Third Empire " – usually rendered in English in the partial-translation " the Third Reich "), first used in a 1923 novel by Arthur Moeller van den Bruck, that counted the mediaeval Holy Roman Empire as the first and the 1871-1918 monarchy as the second, which was then to be followed by a " reinvigorated " third one.

Some council-member states proposed an additional protocol to the Council of Europe Cybercrime Convention, addressing materials and " acts of racist or xenophobic nature committed through computer networks "; it was negotiated from late 2001 to early 2002, and, on 7 November 2002, the Council of Europe Committee of Ministers adopted the protocol's final text titled Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cyber-crime, Concerning the Criminalisation of Acts of a Racist and Xenophobic Nature Committed through Computer Systems, (" Protocol ").

The word Shinto (" Way of the Gods ") was adopted from the written Chinese ( 神道, ), combining two kanji:, meaning " spirit " or kami ; and, meaning a philosophical path or study ( from the Chinese word dào ).

The group comprised five members, who each later adopted nicknames initially ascribed to them: Melanie Chisholm (" Sporty Spice "), Emma Bunton (" Baby Spice "), Melanie Brown (" Scary Spice "), Victoria Beckham ( née Adams ) (" Posh Spice "), and Geri Halliwell (" Ginger Spice ").

He acquired much favor with the Emperor Hadrian, who adopted him as his son and successor on 25 February 138, after the death of his first adopted son Lucius Aelius, on the condition that Antoninus would in turn adopt Marcus Annius Verus, the son of his wife's brother, and Lucius, son of Aelius Verus, who afterwards became the emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus.

He was succeeded as Emperor by his adopted son ( also stepson and former son-in-law ) Tiberius.

After his death in 54, his grand-nephew and adopted son Nero succeeded him as Emperor.

Caligula's father Germanicus, the nephew and adopted son of Emperor Tiberius, was a very successful general and one of Rome's most beloved public figures.

The Emperor of Japan is " the symbol of the state and of the unity of the people " according to the 1947 Constitution of Japan, which dissolved the Empire of Japan when it was adopted by the Postwar Japanese government.

* 22 March 833 (): In the 10th year of Emperor Junna's reign, the emperor abdicated ; and the succession ( senso ) was received by a his adopted son.

But, 30 years after his death, in 1428, his great-grandson Hikohito ( 彦仁 ), as the adopted son of Emperor Shōkō, became Emperor Go-Hanazono, fulfilling Sukō's dearest wish.

* 22 March 833 (): In the 10th year of Emperor Junna's reign, the emperor abdicated ; and the succession ( senso ) was received by his adopted son.

The 1871 German Constitution was adopted by the Reichstag on 14 April 1871 and proclaimed by the Emperor on 16 April, which was substantially based upon Bismarck's North German Constitution.

This also renewed the conflict with the Eastern Emperor in Constantinople, especially after Otto's son Otto II ( r. 967 – 83 ) adopted the designation imperator Romanorum.

The Decree of Canopus, which was issued by the pharaoh Ptolemy III, Euergetes of Ancient Egypt in 239 BC, decreed a solar leap day system ; an Egyptian leap year was not adopted until 25 BC, when the Roman Emperor Augustus successfully instituted a reformed Alexandrian calendar.

* 1833 – The desecration of the grave of the viceroy of southern Vietnam Le Van Duyet by Emperor Minh Mang provokes his adopted son to start a revolt.

To promote order he adopted Guy III of Spoleto " as his son " and crowned him Emperor ( 891 ).

While still under the dominion of the Holy Roman Emperor most power was held locally and many adopted republican forms of government.

Around the time of Jesus, the title divi filius ( son of the divine one ) was specially, but not exclusively, associated with Emperor Augustus ( as adopted son of Julius Caesar ).

Born Marcus Julius Gessius Bassianus Alexianus, Alexander was adopted as heir apparent by his slightly older and very unpopular cousin, the Emperor Elagabalus at the urging of the influential and powerful Julia Maesa — who was grandmother of both cousins and who'd arranged for the emperor's acclamation by the Third Legion.

* January 10 – Lucius Calpurnius Piso Licinianus is adopted by Galba and appointed to deputy Roman Emperor.

* December 2 – At Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, Napoleon Bonaparte crowns himself as the first Emperor of the French in a thousand years ( the Napoleonic Code is adopted ).

In the late 16th century, Kassel adopted Calvinism, while Darmstadt remained Lutheran and subsequently the two lines often found themselves on different sides of a conflict, most notably in the disputes over Hesse-Marburg and in the Thirty Years ' War, when Darmstadt fought on the side of the Emperor, while Kassel sided with Sweden and France.

King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy consequently adopted the title of " Emperor of Abyssinia ".

The King adopted the following style by which he would be known in all of his Empire: By the Grace of God, of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India.

There the social and ecclesiastical reforms in the spirit of the Enlightenment, which had been undertaken by Emperor Joseph II ( 1765 – 90 ) and his minister Kaunitz touched the supremacy of Rome so nearly that in the hope of staying them Pius VI adopted the exceptional course of visiting Vienna in person.