See, e. g., Clearfield Trust Co. v. United States, ( giving federal courts the authority to fashion common law rules with respect to issues of federal power, in this case negotiable instruments backed by the federal government ); see also International News Service v. Associated Press, 248 U. S. 215 ( 1918 ) ( creating a cause of action for misappropriation of " hot news " that lacks any statutory grounding, but that is one of the handful of federal common law actions that survives today ); National Basketball Association v. Motorola, Inc., 105 F. 3d 841, 843-44, 853 ( 2d Cir.

In the mid-1990s, Russia remained the most important sponsor of Kazakhstan in economic and national security matters, but in such matters Nazarbayev also backed the strengthening of the multinational structures of the Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ), the loose confederation that succeeded the Soviet Union.

The Kuomintang backed the New Life Movement, which promoted Confucianism, and it was also against westernization.

Spin-offs include a script-book The Life of Brian of Nazareth, which is backed by MONTYPYTHONSCRAPBOOK ... ( The printing of this book also caused problems, since there are rarely used technical laws in the UK against " blasphemy " dictating what can and cannot be written about religion – the publisher refused to print both halves of the book, and original prints were by two companies ).

Nigeria also sent military equipment to Mozambique to help the new independent country suppress the South African backed RENAMO guerrillas.

Kinnock also blamed his defeat on the other newspapers who had backed the Tories in the run-up to the election.

While addressing the officers and cadets at the Naval War College, general Karamat stressed the creation of National Security Council which would be backed by a " team of civil-military experts " for devising policies to seek resolution ongoing problems relating the civil-military issues ; also recommended a " neutral but competent bureaucracy and administration of at federal level and the establishment of Local governments in four provinces.

This building backed on to an equally grand edifice in the next street ( Prinz-Albrecht-Straße ), also by Colditz, that had been built for the Preußischer Landtag ( the Prussian Lower House ), in 1892-9.

He also had some public support for his staying on in the War Cabinet for the duration, which was strongly backed by Sir Maurice Hankey, former WW1 Colonel and member of both WW1 & WW2 War Cabinets.

The US top marginal income tax rate went from 25 % to 63 % in 1932 and to 79 % in 1936 while the bottom rate increased over 10 fold from. 375 % in 1929 to 4 % in 1932 Successful attacks on partially backed currencies which forced many countries off the gold standard and reduced confidence in the financial system, and a financial system, further damaged by the bank panics of the 1930s were also factors, as was inclement weather such as the drought resulting in the US Dust Bowl.

He also worked as an assistant director on several large-scale international productions shot at the Cinecittà Studios in Rome, notably Quo Vadis ( 1951 ) and Ben-Hur ( 1959 ), financially backed by the American studios.

Byron Bolton ’ s statements were also backed up by William Drury, a maverick Chicago detective who had stayed on the massacre case long after everyone else had given up.

The day for each vehicle is taken from the license plate number, and this rule is enforced by traffic police and also by hundreds of strategically positioned traffic cameras backed by computerized image-recognition systems that issue tickets to offending drivers.

He also backed an attempt by Alexander Stewart, 1st Duke of Albany, brother of King James III of Scotland, to take the Scottish throne in 1482.

Three Cliffs Bay also made the final of the ITV series Britain's Favourite View – the only nomination in Wales and backed by singer Katherine Jenkins.

Ofer Bar-Yosef has argued that there are signs of influences coming from North Africa to the Levant, citing the microburin technique and “ microlithic forms such as arched backed bladelets and La Mouillah points .” There has also been evidence that parthenocarpic figs were imported by humans from the direction of Egypt or Northern Sudan in this period.

This is, in general, a weakness ( the data must periodically be backed up to a persistent-storage medium to avoid loss ), but is sometimes desirable: for example, when working with a decrypted copy of an encrypted file, or for storing a web cache ( doing this on a RAM drive can also improve the speed of loading pages ).

These bank notes were not to be backed by just government bonds, but also just about any securities the banks were holding.

Big Bill Broonzy and Memphis Minnie cut a few sides each backed up by their own jug bands ; Memphis Minnie also sang and played with The Memphis Jug Band.

The initial line-up of the Magic Band that entered the studio for the A & M recordings was not that which emerged by the second release, " Moonchild ", also backed by a Vliet-penned number, " Frying Pan ".

Data stored on disk may also be backed up to tape or optical media or copied, in real time, to a slower, inexpensive disc in another machine at another location.

Ike backed up Behan's testimony that Holliday and Morgan Earp had fired the first two shots and that the next several shots also came from the Earp party.

'" Claiborne also backed up the version of events that placed a nickel-plated pistol in Holliday's hands, and that Holliday used this pistol to fire first.

The FN was also one of several parties that backed France's 2005 rejection of the Treaty for a European Constitution.

" Don Grubin, a professor at Newcastle University's Institute of Neuroscience who also runs a chemical castration program backed by the U. K .' s Ministry of Justice, was initially opposed to physical castration.

Young Morris, who, while attending the University of Pennsylvania, also taught and edited a paper, found time to write Henrietta twenty-page letters on everything that engaged his interest, from the acting of Sarah Bernhardt in Philadelphia to his reactions to the comments of `` Sulamith '' on the Jewish reform movement being promulgated by the Hebrew Union College in Cincinnati.

The Secretary of State has also solemnly repeated a warning to the Soviet Union that the United States will not stand for another setback in Berlin, an affirmation once again taken up by the council as a whole.

The war also expanded with naval operations in 1862 when the CSS Virginia, formerly the USS Merrimack, damaged or destroyed three Union vessels in Norfolk, Virginia, before being engaged and damaged by the USS Monitor.

Cyrillic is one of the most widely used modern alphabetic scripts, and is notable for its use in Slavic languages and also for other languages within the former Soviet Union.

Johnston also reinforced Fort Donelson with 12, 000 more men, including those under Floyd and Pillow, a curious decision in view of his thought that the Union gunboats alone might be able to take the fort.

In addition to other member churches, the churches of the Anglican Communion are in full communion with the Old Catholic churches of the Union of Utrecht and the Scandinavian Lutheran churches of the Porvoo Communion in Europe, the India-based Mar Thoma and Malabar Independent Syrian churches and the Philippine Independent Church, also known as the Aglipayan Church.

In 1949, Camus founded the Group for International Liaisons within the Revolutionary Union Movement after his split with Garry Davis ' movement Citizens of the World, which the surrealist André Breton was also a member.

Azerbaijan also maintains good relations with the European Union, in the framework of its Eastern European Neighbourhood Policy ( See Azerbaijan and the European Union ).

The unicameral parliament ( also called the National Assembly ) is dominated by a coalition, called " Unity " ( Miasnutyun ), between the Republican and Peoples Parties and the Agro-Technical Peoples Union, aided by numerous independents.

The ostensible reason was a report by XI Corps commander Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard that Doubleday's corps broke first, causing the entire Union line to collapse, but Meade also had a long history of disdain for Doubleday's combat effectiveness, dating back to South Mountain.

This synthetic dye is also known as Red No. 2 in North America and E123 in the European Union.

By that September Johnson declared he was in favor of emancipation, describing slavery as a " cancer on our society ", and also succeeded in enlisting 20, 000 black troops for the Union.

In January 1864 Johnson organized a gathering of his state's Union loyalists, where resolutions were passed to elect county officials throughout the state, including a plan for a convention to dispose of the slavery issue ; also adopted was a very controversial and mandatory oath for voters, to protect and preserve the Union in the future.

His veto message objected to the measure because it conferred citizenship on the freedmen at a time when eleven out of thirty-six states were unrepresented in the Congress, and the bill also attempted to fix, by federal law, " a perfect equality of the white and black races in every State of the Union.

He also served on the board of Auto Union, the successor to Audi Automobilwerke GmbH.

Bulgaria also has the lowest personal and corporate income tax rates in the EU, as well as the second lowest public debt of all European Union member states at 16. 2 % of GDP in 2010.

Internet use is also low in the country, with only 40 users per 10, 000 inhabitants in 2004, and just over 53, 000 users total, according to the International Telecommunication Union.

It is also home to the Graduate Theological Union.

From 1907 on, English language articles sometimes used the term " Maximalist " for " Bolshevik " and " Minimalist " for " Menshevik ", which proved confusing since there was also a " Maximalist " faction within the Russian Socialist-Revolutionary Party in 1904 – 1906 ( which after 1906 formed a separate Union of Socialists-Revolutionaries Maximalists ) and then again after 1917.

Relations further deteriorated when, in January 1948, the U. S. State Department also published a collection of documents titled Nazi-Soviet Relations, 1939 – 1941: Documents from the Archives of The German Foreign Office, which contained documents recovered from the Foreign Office of Nazi Germany revealing Soviet conversations with Germany regarding the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, including its secret protocol dividing eastern Europe, the 1939 German-Soviet Commercial Agreement, and discussions of the Soviet Union potentially becoming the fourth Axis Power.

The speech was also seen as a stand against the Soviet Union because it stated the firm intention of the United States to maintain a military presence in Europe indefinitely.

in negotiating a peace agreement was signed in Tripoli in February 2007, between President Bozizé and the head of the Front démocratique du people centrafricain ( FDPC ) rebel movement ( who is also said to have close ties to Union of Democratic Forces for Unity ( UFDR ), the rebel group that seized several cities in northern C. A. R.

It applied in 2003, and began with accession negotiations in 2005 ( see also: Accession of Croatia to the European Union ).