Any increase in power at the supranational level, he argued, results from a direct decision by governments.

The criteria that is stated by the National Register of Historic Places is said to be able to be, “ interpreted in different ways so that the significance … may be subjectively argued for many cultural resources .” Another issue that arises among scholars is that, “ protection does not necessarily mean preservation .” Any public projects occurring near the cultural resource can have adverse effects.

In early 1776, Thomas Paine argued in the closing pages of the first edition of Common Sense that the “ custom of nations ” demanded a formal declaration of American independence if any European power were to mediate a peace between the Americans and Great Britain.

Liberal in its use of statistics to make its arguments, the book argued his view that the American republican system of government was superior to the British monarchical system.

Others, such as Claude Lévi-Strauss ( who was influenced both by American cultural anthropology and by French Durkheimian sociology ), have argued that apparently similar patterns of development reflect fundamental similarities in the structure of human thought ( see structuralism ).

Several liberals, including Adam Smith and Richard Cobden, argued that the free exchange of goods between nations could lead to world peace, a view recognised by such modern American political scientists as Dahl, Doyle, Russet, and O ' Neil.

In The Eternal Adam and the New World Garden, written in 1968, David Noble argued that the Adam figure had been " the central myth in the American novel since 1830 ".

After the outbreak of World War II in 1939, American communists argued that the United States should not get involved in the war on the side of the United Kingdom, since the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of nonaggression meant that the Soviet Union was at peace with Germany.

In one response to Gettier, the American philosopher Richard Kirkham has argued that the only definition of knowledge that could ever be immune to all counterexamples is the infallibilist one.

Economists Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis famously argued in 1976 that there was a fundamental conflict in American schooling between the egalitarian goal of democratic participation and the inequalities implied by the continued profitability of capitalist production on the other.

He argued for the rights of black and American Indian citizens, and sponsored students to the Board School for Indians in Connecticut.

The prominent Nazi jurist Rudolf Klare argued for the moral superiority of harsh anti-homosexual Teutonic traditions ( such as Germany, England and American states ) over Latin countries ( such as France, Spain, Italy, and Poland ) which no longer punished homosexual acts.

Despite his reputation as a serious composer of large, complex musical structures, some of Brahms's most widely known and most commercially successful compositions during his life were small-scale works of popular intent aimed at the thriving contemporary market for domestic music-making ; indeed, during the 20th century, the influential American critic B. H. Haggin, rejecting more mainstream views, argued in his various guides to recorded music that Brahms was at his best in such works and much less successful in larger forms.

Julian Jaynes ( February 27, 1920 – November 21, 1997 ) was an American psychologist, best known for his book The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind ( 1976 ), in which he argued that ancient peoples were not conscious.

Ribbentrop argued to Hitler that a war between the United States and Germany was inevitable given the extent of American aid to Britain and the increasingly frequent " incidents " in the North Atlantic between U-boats and American warships guarding convoys to Britain, and that having such a war begin with a Japanese attack on the United States was the best way to begin it.

In July 2003 Stauber and Sheldon Rampton wrote Weapons of Mass Deception: The Uses of Propaganda in Bush's War on Iraq, which argued that the Bush administration deceived the American public into supporting the war.

The appropriate standard for the American language, argued Webster, was " the same republican principles as American civil and ecclesiastical constitutions.

The interwar period in American economics has been argued to have been pluralistic, with neoclassical economics and institutionalism competing for allegiance.

The American scholar of religious studies Michael F. Strmiska argued that the modern adoption of the term " Pagan " was " a deliberate act of defiance " against traditional, Christian-dominated society, comparing it to the adoption of the surname " X " amongst African-Americans or the term " queer " amongst LGBT people.

In 2009, Kirby Dick's documentary Outrage argued that several American political figures have led closeted gay lives while supporting and endorsing legislation that is harmful to the gay community.

American philosopher John Searle argued in 1990 that " The spread of ' poststructuralist ' literary theory is perhaps the best known example of a silly but noncatastrophic phenomenon.

Bloom, a professor of political science at the University of Chicago, argued for a traditional Great Books-based liberal education in his lengthy essay The Closing of the American Mind.

The phonetician Jack Windsor Lewis frequently criticises the name " Received Pronunciation " on his blog: he has called it " invidious ", a " ridiculously archaic, parochial and question-begging term " and argued that American scholars find the term " quite curious ".

Studying the events of several American policy " disasters " such as the failure to anticipate the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor ( 1941 ) and the Bay of Pigs Invasion fiasco ( 1961 ), Irving Janis argued that they were due to the cohesive nature of the committees that made the relevant decisions.

Hilgartner thus argued that the intellectual impact of the successful Sokal hoax cannot be attributed to its quality as a " demonstration " but rather to journalistic hyperbole and the anti-intellectual biases of some American journalists.

Larry Benson argued that the interpretation of Beowulf as an entirely formulaic work diminishes the ability of the reader to analyze the poem in a unified manner, and with due attention to the poet ’ s creativity.

In " The Philosophy of Composition " ( 1846 ) Poe argued that a literary work should be short enough for a reader to finish in one sitting.

Especially influential here has been the work of Jacques Lacan, an avid reader of literature who used literary examples as illustrations of important concepts in his work ( for instance, Lacan argued with Jacques Derrida over the interpretation of Edgar Allan Poe's " The Purloined Letter ").

" Rose Yewchuk, the editor of The Gateway, argued that the Space Moose comic that was published in that issue would not have made sense to the reader unless the reader saw the previous comic, therefore the newspaper published the address.

It is argued that when someone re-reads the same text with all direct references to god replaced with the Invisible Pink Unicorn, the reader may see the text in a new and more critical way:

Spencer argued that it is the writer's ideal " To so present ideas that they may be apprehended with the least possible mental effort " by the reader.

Ranganathan argued that the library could devise many methods to ensure that each item finds it appropriate reader.

Parents may, however, have reservations about her choice of General Tacticus ' Campaigns as a reader, since it may be argued that the ability to spell ' disembowelled ' is not necessarily needed by children under ten.

It can therefore be argued that it does a disservice to the English-speaking reader to translate the title as The Antichrist at all.

She argued emotions need to be directly expressed, and clarity should be a watch-word: characters are too obscure, the presented physical world is often " foggy " ( that is imprecise ), references are " showy " ( both non-germane and overused ), metaphors over-shadow expected meaning, and techniques of language ( polysyllables, archaic words, intricate syntax, " yards of adjectives ") only " slow a reader "' s understanding.

Caryn James argued that the novel's violence was a " slap in the face " to modern readers cut off from the brutality of life, while Terrence Morgan thought that, though initially shocking, the effect of the violence gradually waned until the reader was bored.

He popularized the distinction between " meaning " ( as intended by the author ) and " significance " ( as perceived by a reader or critic ) and argued for the possibility of objective knowledge in the humanities and social sciences.

In a small way this is illustrated by the nineteenth-century novelist who argued for the powerful influence of literature as a teacher of society and who illustrated this with the way a girl learned to meet her lover, how to behave, how to think about this new experience, how to exercise restraint.

Even so, Gannett judiciously argued, the Association could legitimately decide that Parker `` should not be encouraged nor assisted in diffusing his opinions by those who differ from him in regard to their correctness ''.

Early anthropology was divided between proponents of unilinealism, who argued that all societies passed through a single evolutionary process, from the most primitive to the most advanced, and various forms of non-lineal theorists, who tended to subscribe to ideas such as diffusionism.

By so strongly validating one role, that of the male citizen, it has been argued that democracy compromised the status of those who did not share it.

Furthermore, Spencer argued that individuals with superior resources who deliberately used investment schemes to put competitor out of business were committing acts of “ commercial murder ”.

Despite this, Lewis argued, those who accept evolutionary naturalism still act as if objective moral truths exist, lead Lewis to reject it as impractical.

Locke also noted that the conscience is influenced by " education, company, and customs of the country ", a criticism mounted by J. L. Mackie, who argued that the conscience should be seen as an " introjection " of other people into an agent's mind.

The SCO Group, who argued they were the rightful owners of the copyrights covering the Unix operating system, attempted to revoke IBM's license to sell or distribute the AIX operating system.

author Debra Dickerson has argued that the term " black " should refer strictly to the descendents of Africans brought to America as slaves, and not the sons and daughters of black immigrants who lack that ancestry.

Modern opponents of instruments do not make the same assessment of instruments as these writers, who argued that God had allowed David the “ evil ” of using musical instruments in praise.

Others have argued that astronomy is an inaccurate term, what are being studied are cosmologies and people who object to the use of logos have suggested adopting the Spanish cosmovisión.

However, it has been strongly argued that this was a point made out of mis-translation, as pointed out by Amin Malouf, and that the origin of the term in Middle Eastern culture comes from phrase Asasiyun, meaning those who follow the Asas ; believers in the foundation of faith.

However, some modern scholars have argued that the demons and temptations that Anthony is reported to have faced may have been related to Athanasius by some of the simpler pilgrims who had visited him, who may have been conveying what they had been told in a manner more dramatic than it had been conveyed to them.

Just as important was the influence of the 19th century English designer William Morris, who had argued that art should meet the needs of society and that there should be no distinction between form and function.

This view contrasted for example with that of Sir Lindsay Scott, who argued — following Childe ( 1935 ) for a wholesale migration into Atlantic Scotland of people from south-west England.

His arguments were opposed by many of his contemporaries like Eddington and Lev Landau, who argued that some yet unknown mechanism would stop the collapse.

Bob Jones, Sr. argued that if members of Graham ’ s campaign executive committee had rejected major tenets of orthodox Christianity, such as the virgin birth and the deity of Christ, then Graham had violated 2 John 9-11, which prohibits receiving in fellowship those who do “ not abide in the teaching of Christ .” In the 1960s, Graham further irritated fundamentalists by gaining the endorsement of Cardinal Richard Cushing for his Boston campaign and accepting honorary degrees from two Roman Catholic colleges.

It has been argued that firearms residue on some deceased may have come from contact with the soldiers who themselves moved some of the bodies, or that the presence of lead on the hands of one ( James Wray ) was easily explained by the fact that his occupation involved the use of lead-based solder.

Examples of this have been argued to include the keiretsu of post-war Japan, the print media in India, the chaebol of South Korea, and the powerful families who control much of the investment in Latin America.

There are also some scientists who have expressed grave reservations about the idea that the brain forms representations of the outside world at all: influential members of this group include psychologist J. J. Gibson and roboticist Rodney Brooks, who both argued in favor of " intelligence without representation ".