Lenin advised Trotsky to emphasize Stalin ’ s recent bureaucratic alignment in such matters ( e. g. undermining the anti-bureaucratic Workers ’ and Peasants ’ Inspection ), and argued to depose Stalin as General Secretary.

Another German official argued that the Soviets in their current bureaucratic form were harmless, the occupation would not produce a gain for Germany and " why should it not stew next to us in its damp Bolshevism?

Trotsky argued that the " so-called struggle against ' Trotskyism ' grew out of the bureaucratic reaction against the October Revolution 1917 ".

Trotsky argued that Stalin's theory represented the interests of bureaucratic elements in direct opposition to the working class.

They argued that foreign policy was being made by a passive President influenced by a National Security Council rendered virtually useless by ponderous, bureaucratic machinery.

Edward Friedman has argued that there is a northern governmental, political, bureaucratic Chinese nationalism that is at odds with a southern, commercial Chinese nationalism.

Intense rivalry for research and high-tech industry has been argued to sometimes create wasteful subsidized overcapacity, dispersal of efforts better centralized in a few localities, and poorly judged bureaucratic subsidizing of technologies that soon become out-dated.

Gideon Kunda, in his classic study of culture management at ' Tech ' argued that ' the essence of bureaucratic control-the formalisation, codification and enforcement of rules and regulations-does not change in principle ..... it shifts focus from organizational structure to the organization's culture '.

It was further argued that these three tendencies ( a working-class " left ", a bureaucratic " centre " and a peasant-oriented " right ") could be found in many of the major Communist Parties throughout the world.

Under the impact of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, members of the Left Wing Caucus became convinced that the Stalinist bureaucracy was not a new ruling “ bureaucratic collectivist ” class, as Shachtman had insisted, but instead a brittle and unstable caste, as Trotsky had argued.

In 1948, Tony Cliff argued that it is difficult to make a critique of bureaucratic collectivism because authors such as Shachtman never actually published a developed account of the theory.

As he argued of rationality in general, parties become the formally sanctioned, bureaucratic extension of emotional authority as society transitions into modernity.

Murray's work in the Peace Corps and subsequent social research in Thailand for research firms associated with the U. S. government led to the subject of his statistical doctoral thesis in political science at M. I. T., in which he argued against bureaucratic intervention in the lives of the Thai villagers.

He pointed to the 8, 000 low-rent houses built by the Boot subsidiary, First National Housing Trust, in the six years following the Housing ( Financial Provisions ) Act 1933 and he argued for the superior economics of the private trust as compared with bureaucratic local authorities.

The minority group led by Ted Grant also argued that a decline in emphasis on political education, as well as the development of a bureaucratic clique arount Peter Taaffe was damaging Militant.

According to the American newspaper, Pătrăşcanu had reassured media that " industrialists, businessmen and hankers will escape punishment as war criminals "; Cliff also argued that the new course in justice had failed to alter what he saw as Romania's " bureaucratic and militarist character ".

Some critics have argued that a central paradox at the heart of the American political system is democracy's reliance on the what the critics view as undemocratic bureaucratic institutions that characterize the administrative agencies of government.

He argued that Thomas Cromwell, who was Henry VIII's chief minister from 1532 to 1540, was the author of modern, bureaucratic government which replaced medieval, government-as-household-management.

In his 1988 book, The Socialist System, The Political Economy of Communism he argued that the command economy based on the unchallenged control by a Marxist-Leninist communist party leads to a predominance of bureaucratic administration of state firms, through centralized planning and management, and the use of administrative pricing to eliminate the effects of the market, leading to individual responses to the incentives of this system, ultimately causing observable and inescapable economic phenomena known as the shortage economy.

Adherents of this view, espoused most explicitly by Max Shachtman and closely following the writings of James Burnham and Bruno Rizzi, argued that the Soviet bureaucratic collectivist regime had in fact entered one of two great imperialist " camps " aiming to wage war to divide the world.

Addressing the Minister of Science, Research and Technology, Mostafa Moeen, in 1989, we argued that our existing higher education institutions had too many undergraduate students and administrative staff, too little financial means, too few scientific staff, and above all, a rigid bureaucratic and technocratic system of administration and education.

Jäckel argued that for the representatives of the Rechtsstaat like the Ministry of Justice, the " Final Solution " was a bureaucratic process to deprive Jews of their civil rights and to isolate them, whereas for representatives of Polizeistaat like the SS, the " Final Solution " was genocide.

They argued that a new type of political force was needed to challenge the Conservative Party.

Their model for political organization, as well as the paved roads for which they argued, facilitated the growth of the automobile.

Several liberals, including Adam Smith and Richard Cobden, argued that the free exchange of goods between nations could lead to world peace, a view recognised by such modern American political scientists as Dahl, Doyle, Russet, and O ' Neil.

In addition, some scholars contend that China has never operated under a decentralized democratic regime in its several thousand years of history, and therefore it can be argued that the present political structure, albeit not up to Western moral or political standards, is the best possible option when compared to the alternatives.

Rand argued that other people are an enormous value to an individual's well-being ( through education, trade and affection ), but also that this value could be fully realized only under conditions of political and economic freedom.

It can be argued that, by this approach, the style or ' language ' of these films is directly affected not by the individuals responsible, but by social, economic, and political pressures, of which the filmmakers themselves may be aware or not.

He has, however, argued that political efforts to reduce the causes of climate change distract from other global problems that should take priority:

It has been argued that James's overthrow began modern English parliamentary democracy: the Bill of Rights of 1689 has become one of the most important documents in the political history of Britain and never since has the monarch held absolute power.

Pressure for disclosure continued to mount despite government insistence on the right of the individuals to privacy: on 10 June 2008, newly-appointed Undersecretaries and political assistants, who had previously argued were contractually forbidden from disclosing their remuneration, revealed their salaries.

Capitalism, Marx argued, completely separates the economic and political forces, leaving them to have relations through a limiting government.

Ulterior political agendas of many congressmen dismantled partisan and sectional coalitions, so that Jackson's opponents argued weakly and became easily discredited.

Whereas his Gymnasium senior thesis argued that religion had as its primary social aim the promotion of solidarity, here Marx sees the social function of religion in terms of highlighting / preserving political and economic status quo and inequality.

Whereas the central Maoist leaders encouraged the masses to criticize reactionary " ideas " and " habits " among the alleged 5 % of bad cadres, giving them a chance to " turn over a new leaf " after they had undergone " thought reform ," the Ultra-Left argued that " cultural revolution " had to give way to " political revolution " – " in which one class overthrows another class ".

However, political scientists have argued that the slogan of Bangsa, Agama, Negara ( race, religion, nation ) used by UMNO constitutes an unofficial ideology as well.

Weber argued that Judaism, early Christianity, theology, and later the political party and modern science, were only possible in the urban context that reached a full development the West alone.

Political leaders in Singapore argued instead for the equality of all citizens, with places in universities, government contracts, political appointments, etc., going to the most deserving candidates, rather than to those chosen on the basis of connections or ethnic background ( It is worth noting that Lee Kuan Yew was originally a Fabian Socialist and opposed racism ).

Scholars have argued that Machiavelli was a major indirect and direct influence upon the political thinking of the Founding Fathers of the United States.

In 2009, Kirby Dick's documentary Outrage argued that several American political figures have led closeted gay lives while supporting and endorsing legislation that is harmful to the gay community.

The " dualism " of Clausewitz's view of war ( i. e., that wars can vary a great deal between the two " poles " he proposed, based on the political objectives of the opposing sides and the context ) seems simple enough, but few commentators have proven willing to accept this crucial variability — they insist that Clausewitz " really " argued for one end of the scale or the other.

This conceptual distinction continues to operate in political science, although some political scientists, philosophers, historians and cultural anthropologists have argued that most political action in any given society occurs outside of its state, and that there are societies that are not organized into states which nevertheless must be considered in political terms.