Derived from Marx and Max Weber, Karl August Wittfogel argued that bureaucracy arose to manage irrigation systems.

German sociologist Max Weber mentioned Scottish Presbyterianism in The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism ( 1905 ), and many scholars in recent decades argued that Calvinism's " this worldly asceticism " was integral to Scotland's rapid economic modernization.

Whereas Durkheim focused on the society, Weber concentrated on the individuals and their actions ( see structure and action discussion ) and whereas Marx argued for the primacy of the material world over the world of ideas, Weber valued ideas as motivating actions of individuals, at least in the big picture.

" In other words, Weber argued that social phenomena can be understood scientifically only to the extent that they are captured by models of the behaviour of purposeful individuals, models which Weber called " ideal types ," from which actual historical events will necessarily deviate due to accidental and irrational factors.

Weber began his studies of the subject in The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, in which he argued that the redefinition of the connection between work and piety in Protestantism and especially in ascetic Protestant denominations, particularly Calvinism, shifted human effort towards rational efforts aimed at achieving economic gain.

Weber thus argued that Roman Catholicism impeded the development of the capitalist economy in the West, as did other religions such as Confucianism and Buddhism elsewhere in the world.

Weber argued that there were many reasons to look for the origins of modern capitalism in the religious ideas of the Reformation.

The theme of a religious basis of economic discipline is echoed in sociologist Max Weber's work, but both de Tocqueville and Weber argued that this discipline was not a force of economic determinism, but one factor among many that should be considered when evaluating the relative economic success of the Puritans.

German philosopher Max Weber saw theodicy as a social problem, based on the human need to explain puzzling aspects of the world ; sociologist Peter L. Berger argued that religion arose out of a need for social order, and theodicy developed to sustain it.

" Weber argued that, as human society became increasingly rational, the need to explain why good people suffered and evil people prospered became more important because religion casts the world as a " meaningful cosmos ".

For theodicies of suffering, Weber argued that three different kinds of theodicy emerged-predestination, dualism, and karma-all of which attempt to satisfy the human need for meaning, and he believed that the quest for meaning, when considered in light of suffering, becomes the problem of suffering.

In an influential theoretical article, Rolnick and Weber ( 1986 ) argued that bad money would drive good money to a premium rather than driving it out of circulation.

In his seminal book Peasants into Frenchmen: the Modernization of Rural France, 1880 – 1914 ( 1976 ), historian Eugen Weber traced the modernization of French villages and argued that rural France went from backward and isolated to modern and possessing a sense of French nationhood during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Weber argued that until 1900 or so a sense of French nationhood was weak in the provinces.

For example, Axel A. Weber, the former president of the Deutsche Bundesbank, has argued that " The past has shown that an overly generous provision of liquidity in global financial markets in connection with a very low level of interest rates promotes the formation of asset-price bubbles.

Drawing upon Max Weber, Horkheimer argued that the social sciences are different from the natural sciences, inasmuch as generalizations cannot be easily made from so-called experiences, because the understanding of a " social " experience itself is always fashioned by ideas that are in the researchers themselves.

These two developments ( the emphasis on the individual and the willingness to reinvent genre ) can be seen as extensions of Protestantism, as Max Weber argued, for they represent a gradual increase in the implications of Martin Luther's doctrine of the priesthood of all believers and the Calvinist emphasis on individual revelation of the divine ( and therefore the competence and worth of the individual ).

In his seminal book Peasants Into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1880 – 1914 ( 1976 ), historian Eugen Weber traced the modernization of French villages and argued that rural France went from backward and isolated to modern and possessing a sense of French nationhood during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Weber argued that until 1900 or so a sense of French nationhood was weak in the provinces.

In the absence of such assurances from religious authority, Weber argued that Protestants began to look for other " signs " that they were saved.

The manner in which this paradox was resolved, Weber argued, was the investment of this money, which gave an extreme boost to nascent capitalism.

H. M. Robertson, in his book Aspects of Economic Individualism, argued against the historical and religious claims of Weber.

In Ancient Judaism, his fourth major work on the sociology of religion, Weber attempted to explain the factors which resulted in the early differences between Oriental and Occidental religiosity.

Weber noted that Judaism not only fathered Christianity and Islam, but was crucial to the rise of the modern Occidental state ; Judaism's influence was as important as Hellenistic and Roman cultures.

Max Weber published four major texts on religion in a context of economic sociology and his rationalization thesis: The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism ( 1905 ), The Religion of China: Confucianism and Taoism ( 1915 ), The Religion of India: The Sociology of Hinduism and Buddhism ( 1915 ), and Ancient Judaism ( 1920 ).

* Ancient Judaism, Max Weber, Free Press, 1967, ISBN 0-02-934130-2

He refused to recognize, as Weber did, that wherever these religious systems, including Judaism, were at their most powerful and authoritarian, commerce did not flourish.

Weber moved beyond Protestantism with his research but would continue research into sociology of religion within his later works ( the study of Judaism and the religions of China and India ).

* Ancient Judaism ( book ) by Max Weber

Ancient Judaism, also known as Ancient Palestine: Society and Religion, is a book written by Max Weber, a German economist and sociologist, in early the 20th century.

Weber notes that Judaism not only fathered Christianity and Islam, but was crucial to the rise of modern Occident state, as its influence were as important to those of Hellenistic and Roman cultures.

Weber stated his reasons for investigating ancient Judaism:

* Ancient Judaism, Max Weber, edited by Hans H. Gerth, Don Martindale, Free Press, 1967, ISBN 0-02-934130-2

* Ancient Judaism: Biblical Criticism from Max Weber to the Present, Irving M. Zeitlin, Polity Press, 1986, ISBN 0-7456-0297-5

Max Weber revisited: Religion and society in ancient Judaism.

In the early 20th century, people like Ordway Tead ( 1891 – 1973 ), Walter Scott and J. Mooney applied the principles of psychology to management, while other writers, such as Elton Mayo ( 1880 – 1949 ), Mary Parker Follett ( 1868 – 1933 ), Chester Barnard ( 1886 – 1961 ), Max Weber ( 1864 – 1920 ), Rensis Likert ( 1903 – 1981 ), and Chris Argyris ( 1923-) approached the phenomenon of management from a sociological perspective.

Although the concept was first implemented circa 1966 ( as O-code for BCPL and P-a code for the Euler Language, Wirth & Weber, CACM Vol9 No2, 1966 ), the term p-code first appeared in the early 1970s.

Classical, seminal sociological theorists of the late 19th and early 20th century such as Durkheim, Weber, and Marx were greatly interested in religion and its effects on society.

Weber has been partnered since the early 2000s with Jason Griffin.

The early German hegemony more or less starts with Johann Heinrich von Thünen and runs through both Wilhelm Launhardt and Alfred Weber to Walter Christaller and August Lösch.

An early route of the Hastings Cutoff ran through the Morgan Valley and down through a narrow gorge in Weber Canyon.

Hooper () is a city in Weber County, Utah, United States, first called Muskrat Springs and later Hooperville for Captain William H. Hooper, an early Utah delegate to Congress.

Once called " Stringtown " due to the early homes being strung along a single road and the Weber River, Riverdale was also known as " Jack Thompson's Settlement " and " Union " before the name of Riverdale was given to the town.

The power of the technique was exploited early in the nineteenth century by composers of Romantic opera, such as Carl Maria von Weber, where recurring themes or ideas were sometimes used in association with specific characters ( e. g. Sammael in Der Freischütz is coupled with the chord of a diminished seventh ).

In its early years, Heinrich Schütz was associated with it, and in the nineteenth century Carl Maria von Weber and Richard Wagner were both chief conductors.

He started working in silent films for director Lois Weber in the early 1920s ; the most notable being The Blot in 1921.

The United States, meanwhile, saw league bowling soar in the 1960s and early 1970s — partially influenced by popular professional bowlers Don Carter, Dick Weber, Carmen Salvino and Earl Anthony.

In the early 1990s, Bert drummed for the Chrome Cranks ( which also included Peter Aaron on vocals ; Jerry Teel on bass ; and William Weber on stun guitar ).

Symbolic interaction was forged out of the writings of early micro-sociologists George Mead and Max Weber, and sought to frame how individuals interpret symbols in everyday interactions.

His team of subordinates consists of Melisse Ortus, who witnesses Jan Sauers's suicide and later founds Scientia Lactis, an early model Realian equipped with " Canaan ", Erich Weber or as later discovered, Voyager, and Mikhail Ortmann, an experienced U. M. N.

He critically engaged classical nineteenth and early twentieth century social theorists such as Auguste Comte, Karl Marx, Max Weber, Émile Durkheim, Alfred Schutz, Robert K. Merton, Erving Goffman, and Jürgen Habermas.

Local merchant Samuel Weber had been visiting New York State in the early 1850s and was apparently impressed with Elmira, New York.

His ideas were inspired by experimental results on the sense of touch obtained in the early 1830s by the German physiologist Ernst Heinrich Weber, most notably a minimum physical fraction that was discriminated between stimuli of moderate strength, i. e. a log-linear psychophysical function.

Weber never really achieved his full potential as an opera composer due to his early death from tuberculosis and his poor choice of libretti.

As pointed out by Mohr ( 1982, pp. 102 – 103 ), the early theorists of organizational structure, Taylor, Fayol, and Weber " saw the importance of structure for effectiveness and efficiency and assumed without the slightest question that whatever structure was needed, people could fashion accordingly.

Weber State University was founded by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints as the Weber Stake Academy in 1889 ; like Weber County and the Weber River, the school was named after John Henry Weber, an early fur trader.