She argues that the evidence, including that contained in these reports shows that, while many diseases such as tuberculosis were introduced by British colonists, this was not so for smallpox and that the speculations of British responsibility made by other historians were based on tenuous evidence, largely on the mere coincidence that the 1789-90 epidemic was first observed afflicting the Aborigines not long after the establishment of the first British settlement.

Duesberg argues that there is a statistical correlation between trends in recreational drug use and trends in AIDS cases.

Moreover, in addition to recreational drugs, Duesberg argues that anti-HIV drugs such as zidovudine ( AZT ) can cause AIDS.

Peter Jackson argues that AIDS in the 1980s brought about a shift of perception in Thailand regarding kathoeys, " placing homosexuality rather than gender at the focus of the concept ", which was associated with " a shift in Buddhist attitudes from relative tolerance of homosexuality to condemnation.

The oral polio vaccine ( OPV ) AIDS hypothesis argues that the AIDS pandemic originated from live polio vaccines prepared in chimpanzee tissue cultures and then administered to up to one million Africans between 1957 and 1960 in experimental mass vaccination campaigns.

Anand Reddi in The Huffington Post argues: " By not providing " new " money towards maternal and child health, President Obama has in de facto pitted HIV / AIDS funding against other global health priorities.

Dr. Ezekiel Emanuel argues that AIDS funds are not the best use of international health funding.

AIDS denialism argues that HIV or AIDS does not exist or that AIDS is not caused by HIV ; some of its proponents believe that AIDS is caused by lifestyle, including sexuality or drug use, and not by HIV.

Brubaker argues that the initial expansion of the use of the phrase extended it to other, similar cases, such as the Armenian and Greek diasporas.

" The prominent British-American orientalist Bernard Lewis argues that in the hadiths and the classical manuals of Islamic law jihad has a military meaning in the large majority of cases.

( This also argues against automatic OS updates in critical systems ; in both cases, the OS and libraries form part of a qualified environment.

Adams concludes that “ right action, by act-utilitarian standards, and right motivation, by motive-utilitarian standards, are incompatible in some cases .” The necessity of this conclusion is rejected by Fred Feldman who argues that “ the conflict in question results from an inadequate formulation of the utilitarian doctrines ; motives play no essential role in it …( and that )… Precisely the same sort of conflict arises even when MU is left out of consideration and AU is applied by itself .” Instead, Feldman proposes a variant of act utilitarianism that results in there being no conflict between it and motive utilitarianism.

It argues that individuals can be predisposed to homosexual orientation by biological factors but are triggered in some cases by upbringing.

He argues that if Internet users are representative of society as a whole, these surveys imply that a fetishistic or emotional attraction to diapers may be responsible for these " comfort " cases, and that " these behaviors are a significant cause of enuresis and incontinence.

In his book, The Visual Culture of Violence in the Late Middle Ages, Valentin Groebner argues that the images composed on coats of arms are in many cases designed to convey a feeling of power and strength, often in military terms.

Ronald Hutton argues that in some cases they are carrying shapes that can be seen as eggs, symbolizing life and rebirth, while Graham Webster has argued that the curved hoods are similar in many ways to contemporary Roman curved phallus stones.

Sen. Clinton argues for healthcare reform, especially in regards to cases like this one.

The office of the Solicitor General argues on behalf of the government in virtually every case in which the United States is a party, and also argues in most of the cases in which the government has filed an amicus brief.

The Solicitor General or one of the deputies typically argues the most important cases in the Supreme Court.

Constitutional scholar Peter Hogg has approved of the generous approach in some cases, although for others he argues the purpose of the provisions was not to achieve a set of rights as broad as courts have imagined.

Indeed, modern libertarianism characterizes the majority of laws as intrusive to personal autonomy and, in particular, argues that the right of self-defense from coercion ( including violence ) is a fundamental human right, and in all cases, with no exceptions, justifies all uses of violence stemming from this right, regardless whether in defense of the person or property.

In such cases it argues for a humanitarian response based on humanitarian principles, particularly the principle of humanity.

The Talmud ( in Bava Kamma, 83b-84a ), interprets the verses referring to " an eye for an eye " and similar expressions as mandating monetary compensation in tort cases and argues against the interpretations by Sadducees that the Bible verses refer to physical retaliation in kind, using the argument that such an interpretation would be inapplicable to blind or eyeless offenders.

It has final appeal jurisdiction for decisions originating from any of the eight appellate administrative courts, meaning that it hears cases in which the plaintiff argues that the appellate court ignored or misinterpreted the law.

This view has been disputed by Oxford University professor Bent Flyvbjerg, who argues that qualitative methods and case study research may be used both for hypotheses-testing and for generalizing beyond the particular cases studied.

Epistemic minimalism turns in exactly the opposite direction, and argues for a much more inclusive analysis -- one which includes even Gettier cases, lucky guesses, and completely unjustified beliefs, as long as they happen to be true.

He differentiates this " preventative war " from " preemptive war ", which he argues can be justifiable under international law in cases of self-defence.

Lessig argues that this substantially limits the growth of creative arts and culture, in violation of the US Constitution ; the Supreme Court ruled that Congress has the constitutional authority to properly balance competing interests on cases like this.

The same year, Bill Barry published The Ultimate Encounter, in which he argues that the various debunkers, especially Klass, did not make persuasive cases and that Walton and others alleging similar experiences related events more or less as they believed they had happened.

Several aspects of NEDA make it distinct from other debate organizations, including the ability to decide topicality at the end of the constructive speeches, the ability of judges to give " double losses " in those cases in which neither team argues in a manner consistent befitting a public advocate, closed cross examination, and a focus on argumentation and delivery.

" Jagdish Bhagwati argues that reforms that opened up the economies of China and India contributed to their higher growth in 1980s and 1990s.

He argues that the Communists, since the 1980s, have essentially created the state envisioned by Chiang in the 1930s.

Doug Stokes argues that it was not until the early part of the 1980s that the Colombian government attempted to move away from the counterinsurgency strategy represented by Plan Lazo and Yarborough's 1962 recommendations.

Lakoff further argues that one of the reasons liberals have had difficulty since the 1980s is that they have not been as aware of their own guiding metaphors, and have too often accepted conservative terminology framed in a way to promote the strict father metaphor.

Yale sociology professor Joshua Gamson argues that the tabloid talk show genre, popularized by Oprah Winfrey in the 1980s provided much needed, high impact media visibility for sexual minorities and did more to make gay culture mainstream than any other development of the 20th century.

He argues that these ideas are simply false, created not by historians but by the participants in the 1948 war, who wrote about the events they had taken part in without the benefit of access to Israeli government archives, which were first opened up in the early 1980s.

It argues that political representatives such as Members of Parliament should only receive the " average workers wage ", and its MPs will only take the average wage of a skilled worker in the same way that Labour MPs who supported the Militant tendency ( the forerunner of the Socialist Party )-Terry Fields, Dave Nellist and Pat Wall – did in the 1980s.

Ron Quintana's article on " Metallica Early History " argues that when Metallica was trying to find a place in the L. A. metal scene in the early 1980s, " American hard-rock scene was dominated by highly coiffed, smoothly-polished bands such as Styx, Journey, and REO Speedwagon.

In Monsters in America: Our Historical Obsession with the Hideous and the Haunting, W. Scott Poole argues that a number of horror films produced in the 1970s and 1980s mirrored the conservative critiques of women's liberation movements and the somewhat uncomfortable anxiety over women's control over their bodies and reproduction, including Alien and It's Alive.

* Prof. Peter Willetts argues that if not for the APC decisions of the 1980s, the internet would not be the public and open platform it is today.

McElroy ( 1995 ) argues that for feminists in the 1970s and 1980s, turning to matters of sexual expression was a result of frustration with feminism's apparent failure to achieve success through political channels: in the United States, the Equal Rights Amendment ( ERA ) had failed, and abortion rights came under attack during the Reagan administration.

Whiteness has so many different definitions that the word is “ nothing less than a moving target .” Arnsen moreover notes that whiteness studies scholars are entirely on the far left of the political spectrum, and suggests that their apparent vitriol towards white Americans is due in part to white workers not fulfilling the predictions of Marxist theory that the proletariat would overcome racial, national and class distinctions to unite and overthrow capitalism ; he cites as an example Roediger ’ s afterword to the seminal < I > Wages of Whiteness </ i > which asserts that the book was written as a reaction to “ the appalling extent to which white male workers voted for Reaganism in the 1980s .” Arnsen also argues that in the absence of supporting evidence, whiteness studies often relies on amateurish Freudian speculation about the motives of white people: “ The psychoanalysis of whiteness here differs from the ' talking cure ' of Freudianism partly in its neglect of the speech of those under study .” Without more accurate scholarship, Arnsen writes that “ it is time to retire whiteness for more precise historical categories and analytical tools .”

One Winnemem Wintu group argues that they were accidentally erased from the Bureau of Indian Affairs list of recognized tribes during the 1980s.

Susan Faludi, in the 2006 edition of her 1991 book Backlash: The Undeclared War Against American Women, argues that a backlash against second wave feminism in the 1980s has successfully re-defined feminism through its terms.

She argues that it constructed the women's liberation movement as the source of many of the problems alleged to be plaguing women in the late 1980s.

Spearman's hypothesis states that the magnitude of the black-white difference in tests of cognitive ability is entirely or mainly a function of the extent to which a test measures general mental ability, or g. The hypothesis, first formalized by Arthur Jensen in the 1980s based on Charles Spearman's earlier comments on the topic, argues that differences in g are the sole or major source of differences between blacks and whites observed in many studies of race and intelligence.

Janice Radway in her seminal account of the Book-of-the-Month Club ( as it was from its inception in 1926 to the 1980s before it transformed to a purely commercial operation ) “ A Feeling for Books ” argues that middlebrow culture is not simply a diluted impersonation of highbrow, but instead distinctly defined itself in defiance of avant-garde high culture.

Simon Frith's analysis of the history of popular music from the 1950s to the 1980s has been criticized by B. J. Moore-Gilbert, who argues that Frith and other scholars have over-emphasized the role of " rock " in the history of popular music by naming every new genre using the " rock " suffix.

It argues that after the gay liberation phase of the 1970s and 1980s, gay rights groups should adopt more professional public relations techniques to convey their message.

On this basis he argues that, whilst 1980s horror film heroines were more progressive than those of earlier decades, the gender change is done conservatively, and the final girl convention cannot be regarded as a progressive one " without more thorough investigation ".

The book, which is modelled on The Japan That Can Say No, argues that many " fourth-generation " Chinese embraced Western values too strongly in the 1980s and disregarded their heritage and background.

" She argues that television studies developed during the 1970s and 1980s "... from three major bodies of commentary on television: journalism, literary / dramatic criticism and the social sciences.

Doug Stokes argues that it was not until the early part of the 1980s that the Colombian government attempted to move away from the counterinsurgency strategy represented by Plan Lazo and Yarborough's 1962 recommendations.