Malraux argues that, while art has sometimes been oriented towards beauty and the sublime ( principally in post-Renaissance European art ) these qualities, as the wider history of art demonstrates, are by no means essential to it.

" The historian Benedicta Ward argues that these passages are Bede employing a rhetorical device.

Hoschander argues that these were not deities as Strabo supposed but garbled forms of " Haman " and " Hamedatha " who were being worshipped as martyrs.

Elyachar argues though, that these programs not only were a failure, but that they shifted cultural opinions of value ( personal and cultural ) in a way that favored Western ways of thinking and being

Davis argues these rifts were so deep and lasting that neither Germany nor Italy were able to form a cohesive nation state until the nineteenth century.

" Clay Witt, a minister in the Metropolitan Community Church, explains how theologians and commentators like John Shelby Spong, George Edwards and Michael England interpret injunctions against certain sexual acts as being originally intended as a means of distinguishing religious worship between Abrahamic and the surrounding pagan faiths, within which homosexual acts featured as part of idolatrous religious practices: " England argues that these prohibitions should be seen as being directed against sexual practices of fertility cult worship.

Sociologist Richard N. Pitt argues that these organizations are only available to LGBT members of liberal denominations, as opposed to those in conservative denominations.

The traditional staples thesis, advocated by scholars such as S. A. Saunders, looks at the resource endowments of the Maritimes and argues that it was the decline of the traditional industries of shipbuilding and fishing that led to Maritime poverty, since these processes were rooted in geography, and thus all but inevitable.

As Olwen Hufton argues, these women began to see themselves as the “ defenders of faith ”.

Bart Ehrman argues that there are differences in the composition of the Greek within the Gospel, such as breaks and inconsistencies in sequence, repetitions in the discourse, as well as passages that he believes clearly do not belong to their context, and believes that these suggest redaction.

Al-Hassan argues that these are based on earlier originals and that they report hand-held cannons being used by the Mamluks at the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260.

Over the next three decades, Jensen argues, these values shaped the outlook of Francisco Franco and other Falangists.

In a collection of his works by Kenneth Hart entitled Jewish Philosophy and the Crisis of Modernity, he argues that both Islam, traditional Judaism, and ancient Greece, share mechanisms that make these traditions more resistant to historicism, and therefore to tyranny.

Free Software Foundation founder Richard Stallman argues that, although the term intellectual property is in wide use, it should be rejected altogether, because it " systematically distorts and confuses these issues, and its use was and is promoted by those who gain from this confusion.

Rushton argues that East Asians and their descendants average a larger brain size, greater intelligence, more sexual restraint, slower rates of maturation, and greater law abidingness and social organization than do Europeans and their descendants, who average higher scores on these dimensions than Africans and their descendants.

To the extent that an institutional system of social control falls short of these requirements, Fuller argues, we are less inclined to recognise it as a system of law, or to give it our respect.

In the General Possibility Theorem, Kenneth Arrow argues that if a legislative consensus can be reached through a simple majority, then minimum conditions must be satisfied, and these conditions must provide a superior ranking to any subset of alternative votes ( Arrow 1963 ).

# Socrates then argues, and the interlocutor agrees, that these further premises imply the contrary of the original thesis, in this case it leads to: " courage is not endurance of the soul ".

He admits that he does not know if these are correct, but argues that " the list demonstrates that one can accept the new empirical findings and still be a card-carrying economist.

Drexler argues that we may need to wait until our conventional nanotechnology improves before solving these issues: " Molecular manufacturing will result from a series of advances in molecular machine systems, much as the first Moon landing resulted from a series of advances in liquid-fuel rocket systems.

In a different context, Long argues, these discrepancies would probably be considered minor, but given the extraordinary claims made by Patterson and Gimlin, any apparent disagreements in perception or memory are worth noting.

" Similarly, Krantz argues that of the many opinions offered about the Patterson film, " nly a few of these opinions are based on technical expertise and careful study of the film itself "

She argues that they undertook their research using a novel and previously untested methodology in order to confirm a predetermined theory about the age of these structures.

Once these religious elements are removed, Richards argues that it is clear " the whole episode was political in nature.

It appears that these are associated with Pictish kings, which argues for a considerable degree of royal patronage and control of the church.

Writing within the tradition of empiricism, he argues that impressions are the source of all ideas.

He argues that there must be some universal principle that must account for the various sorts of connections that exist between ideas.

He argues that the term " anti-globalization " is a term coined by the media, and that radical activists are actually more in favor of globalization, in the sense of " effacement of borders and the free movement of people, possessions and ideas " than are the IMF or WTO.

Theologian Benjamin Wiker argues that Aristotle had ideas similar to those of some modern conservatives.

Edward Trimnell, author of Why You Need a Foreign Language & How to Learn One ( 2005 ) argues that the international version of English is only adequate for communicating basic ideas.

He argues that the term " justice " actually refers to two different but related ideas: general justice and particular justice.

argues that the way Machiavelli combines classical ideas is new.

The theorist Benedict Anderson argues that nations are " imagined communities " ( the members cannot possibly know each other ), and that the main causes of nationalism and the creation of an imagined community are the reduction of privileged access to particular script languages ( such as Latin ), the movement to abolish the ideas of divine rule and monarchy, as well as the emergence of the printing press under a system of capitalism ( or, as Anderson calls it, print-capitalism ).

This position argues that the nature of reality is based only in our minds or ideas, and represents one of several divergent interpretations of Kant ’ s legacy.

Aristotle even explicitly argues against some of the ideas that were demonstrated during the scientific revolution, such as heliocentrism.

With that, Durkheim argues, we are left with the following three concepts: the sacred ( the ideas that cannot be properly explained, inspire awe and are considered worthy of spiritual respect or devotion ), the beliefs and practices ( which create highly emotional state — collective effervescence — and invest symbols with sacred importance ), and the moral community ( a group of people sharing a common moral philosophy ).

This theory argues that values, sentiments, attitudes, ideas, beliefs, and choices should be used to explain and predict human behavior, not demographics, or " structural units of analysis " ( i. e., characteristics of populations ) ( London and Palen, 1984 ).

Hugh Petrie argues that a more sophisticated setup is required, in his case not for biological evolution but the evolution of ideas:

This dichotomy is also presented through Septimus and Thomasina, as she argues her new theories and ideas that refute classic Newtonian ideals while he defends them.

Gerd Gigerenzer argues that most decision theorists who have discussed bounded rationality have not really followed Simon's ideas about it.

Madley ( 2005 ) argues that the German experience in German South-West Africa was a crucial precursor to Nazi colonialism and genocide and that personal connections, literature, and public debates served as conduits for communicating colonialist and genocidal ideas and methods from the colony to Germany.

He argues that among these aspects ideology is the most generic term, because the science of ideas also contains the study of their expression and deduction.

Harry Burrell, representative of this view, argues that " one of the most overworked ideas is that Finnegans Wake is about a dream.

Coleman's 1985 work argues that in trying to emulate Le Corbusier's ideas, the tower block planners only succeeded in encouraging social problems.

Freed from these ideas, which have arisen from interpreting literally expressions which are properly figurative, the doctrine, he argues, satisfies deep and urgent human wants, and is in perfect consistence and agreement with reason and rectitude.

It contrasts the intrinsic value ideas of ' deep ecology ', hence is often referred to as ' shallow ecology ', and generally argues for the preservation of the environment on the basis that it has extrinsic value – instrumental to the welfare of human beings.

Mannheim's first major work published during this period was Man and Society in an Age of Reconstruction 1935, in which he argues for a shift from liberal order of laissez-faire capitalism, " founded on the unregulated trade cycle, unextended democracy, free competition and ideas of competitive individualism " to planned democracy In Diagnosis of Our Time, Mannheim expands on this argument and expresses concern for the transition from liberal order to planned democracy, according to Longhurst, arguing "... the embryonic planned democratic society can develop along democratic or dictorial routes ... as expressed in the totalitarian societies of Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union ".

" In Letters to a Young Conservative, written as an introduction to conservative ideas for youth, D ' Souza argues that it is a blend of classical liberalism and ancient virtue, in particular, " the belief that there are moral standards in the universe and that living up to them is the best way to have a full and happy life.

The opposite of an appeal to novelty is an appeal to tradition, in which one argues that the " old ways " are always superior to new ideas.

" Sir Austen Chamberlain, the Marquess of Crewe and Anglo-French Relations, 1924-1928 ," Contemporary British History, ( March 2011 ) 25 # 1 pp 49 – 64, argues that Crewe gave Chamberlain key ideas about French security and disarmament policy, the implementation of the Geneva Protocol, the Treaty of Locarno and the Kellogg-Briand Pact.