The term suggests that its followers support protectionism and / or nationalism, which is not always the case-in fact, some supporters of anti-globalization are strong opponents of both nationalism and protectionism: for example, the No Border network argues for unrestricted migration and the abolition of all national border controls.

S. A. Hamed Hosseini ( an Australian sociologist and expert in global social movement studies ), argues that the term anti-globalization can be ideal-typically used only to refer to only one ideological vision he detects alongside three other visions ( the anti-globalist, the alter-globalist and the alter-globalization ).

The term " conspiracy theory " is itself the object of a type of conspiracy theory, which argues that those using the term are manipulating their audience to disregard the topic under discussion, either in a deliberate attempt to conceal the truth, or as dupes of more deliberate conspirators.

Ariel Levy used the term in similar, but opposite sense in her book, Female Chauvinist Pigs, in which she argues that many young women in the United States and beyond are replicating male chauvinism and older misogynist stereotypes.

Critchley argues that deconstruction involves an openness to the other that makes it ethical in the Levinasian understanding of the term.

In the GNU / Linux naming controversy the FSF argues for the term GNU / Linux because GNU was a longstanding project to develop a free operating system, of which they say the kernel was the last missing piece.

It is a term coined by Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge to contrast with their model of punctuated equilibrium, which is gradualist itself, but argues that most evolution is marked by long periods of evolutionary stability ( called stasis ), which is punctuated by rare instances of branching evolution.

Free Software Foundation founder Richard Stallman argues that, although the term intellectual property is in wide use, it should be rejected altogether, because it " systematically distorts and confuses these issues, and its use was and is promoted by those who gain from this confusion.

He argues that the term " justice " actually refers to two different but related ideas: general justice and particular justice.

Moore's argument in Principia Ethica is ( among other things ) a defense of ethical non-naturalism ; he argues that the term " good " ( in the sense of intrinsic value ) is indefinable, because it names a simple, non-natural property.

But the statements do not give the meaning of the term " yellow ", and ( Moore argues ) to confuse them with a definition of " yellow " would be to commit the same fallacy that is committed when " Pleasure is good " is confused with a definition of " good ".

David Wootton, for instance, argues that throughout history the meanings of the term republicanism have been so diverse, and at times contradictory, that the term is all but meaningless and any attempt to build a cogent ideology based on it will fail.

Historian John M. Cooper argues that, in his first term, Wilson successfully pushed a legislative agenda that few presidents have equaled, and remained unmatched up until the New Deal.

Ellingson argues that the term " noble savage ", an oxymoron, is a derogatory one, which those who oppose " soft " or romantic primitivism use to discredit ( and intimidate ) their supposed opponents, whose romantic beliefs they feel are somehow threatening to civilization.

He also argues that even the telephone can be regarded as an online experience in some circumstances, and that the blurring of the distinctions between the uses of various technologies ( such as PDA and mobile phone, internet television and Internet, and telephone and Voice over Internet Protocol ) has made it " impossible to use the term on-line meaningfully in the sense that was employed by the first generation of Internet research ".

Miller argues that the overuse and abuse of the term " imperialism " makes it nearly meaningless as an analytical concept.

Dawson argues that Cecil's long term goal was a united and Protestant British Isles, an objective to be achieved by completing the conquest of Ireland and by creating an Anglo-Scottish alliance.

The term hoax is occasionally used in reference to urban legends and rumors, but the folklorist Jan Harold Brunvand argues that most of them lack evidence of deliberate creations of falsehood and are passed along in good faith by believers or as jokes, so the term should be used for only those with a probable conscious attempt to deceive.

The term was popularized by science fiction writer Vernor Vinge, who argues that artificial intelligence, human biological enhancement, or brain-computer interfaces could be possible causes of the singularity.

In the work by anthropologist Raphael Patai entitled The Hebrew Goddess, the author argues that the term Shekhinah refers to a goddess by comparing and contrasting scriptural and medieval Jewish Kabbalistic source materials.

This is a common accusation made by the anti-globalization movement which argues that governments have been elected on a mandate to oppose global free trade and instead pursued it.

Strauss argues that the anti-globalization movement isn't itself antisemitic, but that it " helps enable anti-Semitism by peddling conspiracy theories.

Analogously, anyone who argues that Einstein's theory of gravitation is simpler than Newton's, must say rather more to explain how it is that the latter is mastered by student-physicists, while the former can be managed ( with difficulty ) only by accomplished experts.

Proceeding from Parry's conclusions and adopting one of his schemata, Francis P. Magoun, Jr., argues that Beowulf likewise was created from a legacy of oral formulas inherited and extended by bards of successive generations, and the thesis is striking and compelling.

One of the greatest Homerists of our time, Frederick M. Combellack, argues that when it is assumed The Iliad and The Odyssey are oral poems, the postulated single redactor called Homer cannot be either credited with or denied originality in choice of phrasing.

The statement is often made that when Bultmann argues in this way, he `` overestimates the intellectual stumbling-block which myth is supposed to put in the way of accepting the Christian faith ''.

Anthony Steel, as the husband, is a jealous type who argues against her course and sues for divorce, labeling her action adulterous.

Daniel Batson is a psychologist who examined this question and argues against the social exchange theory.

While Swift ’ s proposal is obviously not a serious economic proposal, George Wittkowsky, author of " Swift ’ s Modest Proposal: The Biography of an Early Georgian Pamphlet ", argues that to understand the piece fully, it is important to understand the economics of Swift ’ s time.

Swift however, Landa argues, is not merely criticizing economic maxims but also addressing the fact that England was denying Irish citizens their natural rights and dehumanizing them by viewing them as a mere commodity.

Michel Foucault argues in his essay " What is an author?

He argues that because a child's suffering is so horrible and cannot easily be ex-plained, it forces people into a crucial test of faith: either we must believe everything or we must deny everything, and who, Paneloux asks, could bear to do the latter?

On Fate is a treatise in which Alexander argues against the Stoic doctrine of necessity.

His friend argues that, though it is possible to trace a cause from an effect, it is not possible to infer unseen effects from a cause thus traced.

Nichola Everitt argues that much moral guidance is unattainable, such as the Biblical command to be Christ-like.

American philosopher Michael Martin argues that it is not necessarily true that objective moral truths must entail the existence of God, suggesting that there could be alternative explanations: he argues that naturalism may be an acceptable explanation and, even if a supernatural explanation is necessary, it does not have to be God ( polytheism is a viable alternative ).

Even if a supernatural cause is required, he argues, it could be something other than God ; this would mean that the phenomena of the conscience is no more supportive of monotheism than polytheism.

Harvey argues that postmodernity is an escape from " Fordism ", a term coined by Antonio Gramsci to describe the mode of industrial regulation and accumulation which prevailed during the Keynesian era of economic policy in OECD countries from the early 1930s to the 1970s.

Foucault then develops a holistic account of power and uses methods not too dissimilar to the astonishing and outstanding Medieval Islamic polymaths scholars Alhazen, Ibn Sīnā, and Ibn Khaldūn and to a lesser extant prominent science figures from 20th century science such as ; Gregory Bateson, James Lovelock ( the founder of Gaia hypothesis ) and Robert N. Proctor ( Proctor who coined the term Agnotology ) and urges us to think outside the box of this new kind of power, therefore, opening up the possibilities of further investigations into this new perceived, impenetrable nature of biopower and according to Foucault he asks us to remember, this type of power is never neutral nor is it independent from the rest of society but are embedded within society functioning as embellished ' control technology ' specifics. Foucault argues ; nation states, police, government, legal practices, human sciences and medical institutions have their own rationale, cause and effects, strategies, technologies, mechanisms and codes and have managed successfully in the past to obscure there workings by hiding behind observation and scrutiny.

" Nanosocialism " is a term coined by David M. Berube, the associate director of Nanoscience and Technology Studies at the USC NanoCenter, who argues that nanotechnological projections need to be tempered by technorealism about the implications of nanotechnology in a technocapitalist society, but that its applications also offer enormous opportunities for economic abundance and social progress.

Albert B. Lord suggests that the Homeric poems were dictated to a scribe by a minstrel who held in his mind the poems fully matured but did not himself possess the knowledge of writing since it would be useless to his guild, and Magoun argues that the Beowulf poet and Cynewulf may have dictated their verse in the same fashion.

Burton ( 2008 ) argues that Lincoln's republicanism was taken up by the Freedmen as they were emancipated.

Furthermore, Roger Garrison argues that a false boom caused by artificially low interest rates would cause a boom in consumption goods as well as investment goods ( with a decrease in " middle goods "), thus explaining the jump in unemployment at the end of a boom.

He argues that this casts doubt on the notion that recessions are caused by a reallocation of resources from industrial production to consumption, since he argues that the Austrian business cycle theory implies that net investment should be below zero during recessions.

Historian Thomas Woods argues that the crashes were caused by various privately-owned banks with state charters that issued paper money, supposedly convertible to gold, in amounts greatly exceeding their gold reserves.

Malraux argues that, while art has sometimes been oriented towards beauty and the sublime ( principally in post-Renaissance European art ) these qualities, as the wider history of art demonstrates, are by no means essential to it.

Major Steven E. Walburn argues in a 1998 article in The Air Force Law Review that this form of guilty plea should be adopted for usage by the United States military.

Bibas argues, " These procedures may be constitutional and efficient, but they undermine key values served by admissions of guilt in open court.

" Clive Ruggles argues it is misleading to consider archaeoastronomy to be the study of ancient astronomy, as modern astronomy is a scientific discipline, while archaeoastronomy considers symbolically rich cultural interpretations of phenomena in the sky by other cultures.

bell hooks argues that black nationalism was largely a patriarchical and misogynist movement, seeking to overcome racial divisions by strengthening sexist ones, and that it readily latched onto the idea of the emasculating black matriarch proposed by Daniel Patrick Moynihan, whose theories bell hooks often criticizes.

In The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture, popular author and text critic Bart D. Ehrman argues that the Adoptionist Theology may date back almost to the time of Jesus and his view is shared by many other scholars.

" A woman cannot be herself in modern society ," he argues, since it is " an exclusively male society, with laws made by men and with prosecutors and judges who assess feminine conduct from a masculine standpoint.

Chapter 17 of William Bates ' 1920 book Perfect Sight Without Glasses, in which the author argues that observation of the sun is beneficial to those with poor vision, includes a figure of somebody " Focussing the Rays of the Sun Upon the Eye of a Patient by Means of a Burning Glass.

Kiernan argues against an 8th-century provenance because this would still require that the poem be transmitted by Anglo-Saxons through the Viking Age, holds that the paleographic and codicological evidence encourages the belief that Beowulf is an 11th-century composite poem, and states that Scribe A and Scribe B are the authors and that Scribe B is the more poignant of the two.

The midrashic book of Jasher argues that prior to revealing his identity, Joseph asked Benjamin to find his missing brother ( i. e. Joseph ) via astrology, using an astrolabe-like tool ; it continues by stating that Benjamin divined that the man on the throne was Joseph, so Joseph identified himself to Benjamin ( but not the other brothers ), and revealed his scheme ( as in the Torah ) to test how fraternal the other brothers were.

Elihu strongly condemns the approach taken by the three friends, and argues that Job is misrepresenting God's righteousness and discrediting his loving character.

Latour suggests that about 90 % of contemporary social criticism in academia displays one of two approaches which he terms “ the fact position and the fairy position .” ( p. 237 ) The fact position is anti-fetishist, arguing that “ objects of belief ” ( e. g., religion, arts ) are merely concepts onto which power is projected ; the “ fairy position ” argues that individuals are dominated, often covertly and without their awareness, by external forces ( e. g., economics, gender ).

William Arens, author of The Man-Eating Myth: Anthropology and Anthropophagy, questions the credibility of reports of cannibalism and argues that the description by one group of people of another people as cannibals is a consistent and demonstrable ideological and rhetorical device to establish perceived cultural superiority.