It eased the burden of the workers, and determined that membership of the ruling class was to be based on wealth ( plutocracy ), rather than by birth ( aristocracy ).

Major-General Thomas Harrison, who had commanded the troop which aided Oliver Cromwell in dissolving the Rump, suggested that there be a ruling body based upon the Old Testament Sanhedrin of 70 selected " Saints ", which was based on his beliefs, as a Fifth Monarchist, that the rule of the Saints would usher in the reign of Christ on Earth.

For Marx, what defined feudalism was that the power of the ruling class ( the aristocracy ) rested on their control of arable land, leading to a class society based upon the exploitation of the peasants who farm these lands, typically under serfdom.

At this time, Virginia and other southern colonies had become a slave society, in which slaveholders formed the ruling class and the economy was based on slave labor.

" Despite this ruling, a bill to add discrimination based on subculture affiliation to the definition of hate crime in British law was not presented to parliament.

Ancient society was based on a ruling class of slave owners and a class of slaves ; feudalism was based on landowners and serfs ; and capitalism based on the capitalist class and the working class.

Prominently, George R R Martin's acclaimed A Song of Ice and Fire series more or less abandons the good-evil paradigm in favor of a more politically based and multifaceted struggle between different ruling families, most of whom display both good and evil tendencies in pursuit of power, which takes the place of the main catalyst of the story.

The constitution's 187 articles specify specific policies such as sharia law, a " unitary ruling system " headed by a caliph elected by Muslims, an economy based on the gold standard, public ownership of utilities, public transport, and energy resources, and Arabic as the " sole language of the State.

The internationalist philosophies of Bolshevism and of Marxism are based upon class struggle transcending nationalism, ethnocentrism, and religion, which are intellectual obstacles to class consciousness, because the bourgeois ruling classes manipulated said cultural status quo to politically divide the proletarian working classes.

The economy of Sudan was feudally based, with a large number of slaves supporting the ruling Funj class.

Sforza was a ruling family of Renaissance Italy, based in Milan.

Mesopotamia is generally considered to be the location of the earliest civilization or complex society, meaning that it contained cities, full-time division of labor, social concentration of wealth into capital, unequal distribution of wealth, ruling classes, community ties based on residency rather than kinship, long distance trade, monumental architecture, standardized forms of art and culture, writing, and mathematics and science.

This ruling was based on the precedent that the prophet Muhammad did not forbid such self-marriages among Zoroastrians despite coming into contact with Zoroastrians and knowing about this practice.

Yuan ruled as a dictator, remolding the constitution as he saw fit ; warlords withdrew from the Republic, ruling through military control ; and Chiang based his political power on military power.

: The basic premise underlying the Court ’ s ruling is its iteration, and constant reiteration, of the proposition that the First Amendment bars regulatory distinctions based on a speaker ’ s identity, including its “ identity ” as a corporation.

The judge hears all the witnesses and any other evidence presented by the parties of the case, assesses the credibility and arguments of the parties, and then issues a ruling on the matter at hand based on his or her interpretation of the law and his or her own personal judgment.

Khalid Yahya Blankinship argued that the military defeat at Tours was one of the failures that contributed to the decline of the Umayyad caliphate: " Stretching from Morocco to China, the Umayyad caliphate based its expansion and success on the doctrine of jihad — armed struggle to claim the whole earth for God's rule, a struggle that had brought much material success for a century but suddenly ground to a halt followed by the collapse of the ruling Umayyad dynasty in 750 AD.

It is based on the Byzantine cross with four Greek letters beta ( Β ), the first letters of the Greek phrase meaning " King of Kings, ruling over Kings ".

Sima Qian stated, based on preceding Chinese records ( Bamboo Annals ), that the Xiongnu's ruling clan were descendants of Chunwei ( 淳維 " Chun tribes "), possibly a son of Jie, the final ruler of the legendary Xia Dynasty ( c. 2070 – 1600 BC ).

Batasuna (, originally Herri Batasuna or " Unity of the People ") was a Basque nationalist political party based mainly in Spain, where it was outlawed in 2003, after a court ruling declared proven that the party was financing ETA with public money.

The ruling Jakarta perspective on the " murder " was affirmed by army Chief Ryamizard Ryacudu: " accepted the men had to face sentence because Indonesia is a State based on law.

However, this reluctance to accept the existence of matriarchies might be based on a specific, culturally biased notion of how to define ' matriarchy ': because in a patriarchy ' men rule over women ', a matriarchy has frequently been conceptualized as ' women ruling over men ', whereas in reality women-centered societies are-largely without exception-egalitarian.

Hence, such an appellate court will not consider an appellant's argument if it is based on a theory that is raised for the first time in the appeal.

Paneloux's argument is based on the theology of St. Augustine, on which he is an expert, and it is accepted as irrefutable by many of the townspeople, including the magistrate, Othon.

He shows how a satisfying argument for the validity of experience can be based neither on demonstration ( since " it implies no contradiction that the course of nature may change ") nor experience ( since that would be a circular argument ).

German philosopher Immanuel Kant devised an argument from morality based on practical reason.

In November 2008, the UK based think tank Demos published an influential pamphlet entitled ' It's a material world: caring for the public realm ', in which they argue for integrating the public directly into efforts to conserve material culture, particularly that which is in the public, their argument, as stated on page 16, demonstrates their belief that society can benefit from conservation as a paradigm as well as a profession:

Kiernan ’ s argument against an early dating based on a mixture of forms is long and involved, but he concludes that the mixture of forms points to a comparatively straightforward history of the written text as:

His argument is based on a conceptual switch from the " ensemble " of Brownian particles to the " single " Brownian particle: we can speak of the relative number of particles at a single instant just as well as of the time it takes a Brownian particle to reach a given point.

The use of Bayesian probabilities as the basis of Bayesian inference has been supported by several arguments, such as the Cox axioms, the Dutch book argument, arguments based on decision theory and de Finetti's theorem.

The Dutch book argument was proposed by de Finetti, and is based on betting.

Abelard in his Dialectica made an argument against the idea that the copula can express existence based on a reductio ad absurdum.

This argument is based on the view that the surviving anti-Treaty members of the Second Dáil delegated their " authority " to the IRA Army Council in 1938.

The Polish position is based on the argument that Poland owns a longer coast line than the Danish island of Bornholm.

Instead, under the influence of Locke and Newton, deists turned to natural theology and to arguments based on experience and Nature: the cosmological argument and the argument from design.

* Doomsday argument, a probabilistic argument based on demographics predicting how many people will be born.

Martin Luther, when urging the secular authorities to crush the Peasant Rebellion of 1525 in Germany in his Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants, based his argument on St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans 13: 1-7.

" A common example, as shown below, is an argument based on tax protestor claims.

The following derivation is based on a similar argument made in Berg 1977 ( see references ).

This argument was based on the " thunder and smoke " description, as well as on the distance the flame could be projected from a siphon, which suggested an explosive discharge.

During the gradual process by which Homo erectus made a transition from furry to naked skin, their hair texture putatively changed gradually from Afro-textured hair or ' kinky ' ( i. e. tightly coiled ) to straight hair ( the condition of most mammals, including humanity's closest cousins — chimpanzees ) This argument is based on the principle that curly hair impedes the passage of UV light into the body relative to straight hair ( thus curly or coiled hair would be particularly advantageous for dark-skinned hominids living at the equator ).

This argument is made based on the principle that straight fibers better facilitate the passage of UV light into the body relative to curly hair.

# Natural Rights / Justice Argument: this argument is based on Locke ’ s idea that a person has a natural right over the labour and / or products which is produced by his / her body.

Lokeans argument for intellectual property is based upon the idea that laborers have the right to control that which they create.