Franklin imagined electricity as being a type of invisible fluid present in all matter ; for example, he believed that it was the glass in a Leyden jar that held the accumulated charge.

Franz Mesmer ( 1734 – 1815 ) believed that there is a magnetic force or " fluid " within the universe that influences the health of the human body.

It is generally believed that it is due to the inertia of the fluid as a whole: the culmination of time dependent and convective acceleration ; hence flows where inertial effects are small tend to be laminar ( the Reynolds number quantifies how much the flow is affected by inertia ).

Ménière's disease is idiopathic, but it is believed to be linked to endolymphatic hydrops, an excess of fluid in the inner ear.

It is believed that since high salt diets cause water retention, it can lead to an increase ( or at least preventing the decrease ) of fluid within the inner ear, although the relationship between salt and the inner ear is not fully understood.

It was believed, by Alcamaeon and others, that this fluid was the medium of vision and flowed from the eye to the brain via a tube.

Eddy currents in the nickel iron fluid of the outer core are believed to influence the Earth's magnetic field.

He identified the various controversies regarding the ejaculate and its origin, but stated he believed that this fluid " which rushes out with such impetus during venereal combat or libidinous imagining " was derived from a number of sources, including the vagina, urinary tract, cervix and uterus.

The minute droplets of fluid were once believed to be important for lubricating the vagina, but research from Masters and Johnson demonstrated that vaginal lubrication comes from deeper within the vagina.

It is commonly believed that fluid can be pushed faster through a central venous catheter but as they are often divided into multiple lumens then the internal diameter is less than that of a large-bore peripheral cannula.

On September 16, 2012, Mei Xiang gave birth to another giant panda cub, believed by zoo officials to have been a female, but it died after about a week ( initial results from a necropsy-animal autopsy-revealed the abnormal presence of fluid in the abdomen, and also, discoloration of the liver, or hepatic, tissue, of as yet unknown etiology ; full, definitive results will likely be available in about two weeks ; the cub had managed to nurse before death because milk was found in its system ).

In the 1780s, some believed that cold was a fluid, " frigoric ".

It is true that in a steady state flow of a viscous fluid through a rigid spherical body immersed in the fluid where we assume the inertia is negligible in such a flow it is believed the downward gravitational force of the particle is balanced by the viscous drag force.

Mesmer attributed such effects to a supposed ' life energy ' or ' fluid ' or ethereal medium believed to reside in the bodies of animate beings ( i. e., those who breathe ).

Its disciples believed in the existence of the universal fluid, and conducted the operation physically ,— that is, by passing the hands immediately over, or at a short distance from, the body of the patient.

Note that previously it was believed that at steady state the arterial capillaries filter fluid and the venous capillaries reabsorb it, as shown by the diagram.

The spectral signatures of these motions are more similar to those of magma movement near volcanos than of typical earthquakes, but it is believed that the motions are not due to magma or fluid motion.

He also believed that an innate life force, which he sometimes described as a nervous fluid, drove species to become more complex over time, advancing up a linear ladder of complexity that was related to the great chain of being.

It is thought this could be from lower levels of circulating catecholamines after a caesarean section, which are believed to be necessary to alter the function of the ENaC channel to absorb excess fluid from the lungs.

It was believed at one point that Gf, or fluid intelligence, can be used to be systematically detect sex differences in general intelligence if there are any.

NS is typically the first fluid used when hypovolemia is severe enough to threaten the adequacy of blood circulation, and has long been believed to be the safest fluid to give quickly in large volumes.

This system is believed to work by utilizing focused microwaves to heat the brake fluid, causing it to expand and apply the brakes of the car.

Hippocrates discussed " water " surrounding the brain when describing congenital hydrocephalus, and Galen referred to " excremental liquid " in the ventricles of the brain, which he believed was purged into the nose.

Bloch was not concerned with the effectiveness of the royal touch — he acted instead like an anthropologist in asking why people believed it and how it shaped relations between king and commoner.

Like icons believed to be painted directly from the live subject, they therefore acted as important references for other images in the tradition.

Although the pope assented to the condemnation, the West believed that the Emperor had acted contrary to the decrees of Chalcedon.

It is generally allowed by a court when a defendant could reasonably have believed that the plaintiff was not going to exercise his or her legal rights and acted on that belief to his or her detriment.

Bloch was not concerned with the effectiveness of the royal touch — he acted like an anthropologist in asking why people believed it and how it shaped relations between king and commoner.

From 1697 to 1710 he acted as papal nuncio to the Kingdom of Portugal, where he is believed to have formed those unfavourable impressions of the Jesuits which afterwards influenced his conduct towards them.

This hypothesized force was called the strong force, which was believed to be a fundamental force that acted on the nucleons ( the protons and neutrons that make up the nucleus ).

If the injured party can prove that the person believed to have caused the injury acted negligently – that is, without taking reasonable care to avoid injuring others – tort law will allow compensation.

Many believed Gladstone had neglected military affairs and had not acted promptly enough to save the besieged Gordon.

In order to return Jean to the fold several years later, this storyline was retconned to reveal the existence of the cosmic Phoenix Force entity, which had created a duplicate body of Jean, believed itself to be Jean, and acted in her place while the real Jean lay in a coma in the ocean, where the Avengers and Fantastic Four would later discover her.

They have been believed to only have acted as a form of accounting, although new evidence conducted by Harvard professor, Gary Urton, indicates there may be more to the khipu than just numbers.

" Special Consul to the President Ted Sorensen believed that Kennedy, being well versed and practiced in foreign affairs, acted as his own Secretary of State.

Although Uhrig maintained his innocence, the Commission believed Uhrig acted illegally.

It is now believed that Lynch was aware of these activities, and acted only when his hand was forced.

Palmists interpret this line to represent matters of the heart, that is, more literally, our emotional living ; it is therefore believed to be an insight into how the emotional sides of our mindframes will act out and be acted upon during our lifetimes, and often said, to what extent we possess emotional reservoirs within us, for example, a chained or gridded heart line ( or emotional line ) is often seen in people who are highly strung, nervous and draw upon emotional strength and insight to attain their ambitions, i. e. they wear their ' emotions ' on their sleeves, often to draw strength.

He believed that it acted to unblock orgone energy in the atmosphere, and said that it could cause rain.

Kershaw, in Hitler Hubris, says it is generally believed today that van der Lubbe acted alone and the Reichstag fire was merely a stroke of good luck for the Nazis.

held that a defendant who manufactured ten petrol bombs to defend his shop during the Toxteth Riots could set up the defence of showing that he possessed an explosive substance " for a lawful purpose " if he could show he acted to protect himself or his family or property by means he believed reasonably necessary to meet the attack.

The opposite of the " self-defeating prophecy " then, is the " self-fulfilling prophecy ", when an originally unfounded prophecy turns out to be correct because it is believed and acted upon.

Xuanzang's safety was constantly under threat from demons and other supernatural beings ( who believed that his flesh, once consumed, would bring them longevity ), as well as from bandits, wherefore Sun Wukong often acted as his bodyguard and given free access to the powers of Heaven to combat these threats.

In effect, the sabbat acted as an effective ' advertising ' gimmick, causing knowledge of what these authorities believed to be the very real threat of witchcraft to be spread more rapidly across the continent.

Rasoherina acted as queen consort for only two years before her husband's political decisions succeeded in displeasing his ministers to such an extent that a coup was organized in which Radama II was believed assassinated.

Naud, who had been a member of the Resistance, believed Laval to be guilty and urged him to plead that he had made grave errors but had acted under constraint.

Packer claimed he had acted in self-defense, but his story was not believed.