the verse of Beowulf or of The Iliad and The Odyssey was not easy to create but was not impossible for poets who had developed their talents perforce in earning a livelihood.

The English investors had perforce to withdraw.

Having thus recovered the central part of Asia Minor ( for the Seleucid government had perforce to tolerate the dynasties in Pergamon, Bithynia and Cappadocia ) Antiochus turned to recovering the outlying provinces of the north and east.

Grand Duke Frederick I ( ruled 1856-1907 ) had from the first opposed the war with Prussia, but had perforce yielded to popular resentment at the policy of Prussia in the Schleswig-Holstein question.

Forbes had perforce to continue with reluctant support from the Reform Party, which now feared Labour's growing popularity.

Finally, after suffering huge losses, NGC had perforce to quit the retail sector, selling its customer-base to two of the Government's companies: Meridian and Genesis Energy.

New Zealand had perforce to look to her own defence as well as help the " mother country ".

She did not do well and after only seven turbulent years, at the end of which Protestants had gained complete control of Scotland, she had perforce to abdicate.

Rupert had perforce to wait near Hereford till the main body, and in particular the artillery train, could come from Oxford and join him.

Thus, Charles had perforce to give up his intention of joining Goring, and of resuming the northern enterprise, begun in the spring.

It is thought that this will create liquidity problems for Fortis, and that the Belgian state will perforce get ownership of both Fortis Bank and Fortis Insurance Belgium, thus the shareholders had better vote in favor, in which case they will have at least the insurance company.

With most of the Assembly still favouring a constitutional monarchy rather than a republic, the various groupings reached a compromise which left Louis XVI little more than a figurehead: he had perforce to swear an oath to the constitution, and a decree declared that retracting the oath, heading an army for the purpose of making war upon the nation, or permitting anyone to do so in his name would amount to de facto abdication.

For Tom Horn, it turned out, had a number of rancher and cowboy witnesses ready and willing to swear with straight faces that he had been in Bates Hole the day of the killing.

She would take his manhood unless he had her swear by the names of the gods that she would not.

However, he also instituted a hierarchical system of levels among his followers, and had them swear an oath on his core tenets.

Elizabeth became queen at the age of 25, and declared her intentions to her Council and other peers who had come to Hatfield to swear allegiance.

Weather did not allow an outdoor meeting, so the Assembly moved their deliberations to a nearby indoor real tennis court, where they proceeded to swear the Tennis Court Oath ( 20 June 1789 ), under which they agreed not to separate until they had given France a constitution.

Hitler had the officers swear their personal allegiance to him.

Di Novi also notes that, when her father was a session musician for Day, he and the other musicians had to put money in a " swear jar " when they cursed.

John's father, Henry II, had forced William of Scotland to swear fealty to him at the Treaty of Falaise in 1174.

According to Roman tradition, Hannibal had been made to swear by his father never to be a friend of Rome, and he certainly did not take a conciliatory attitude when the Romans berated him for crossing the river Iberus ( Ebro ) which Carthage was bound by treaty not to cross.

Prior to his death, he had his chief officers swear an oath of loyalty to Izz al-Din, as he was the only Zengid ruler strong enough to oppose Saladin.

Henry was also able to persuade Hugh Bigod, the late king's royal steward, to swear that the king had changed his mind about the succession on his deathbed, nominating Stephen instead.

Although some of his supporters tried to dissuade him from undertaking the journey, Robert convened a council in January 1035 and had the assembled Norman magnates swear fealty to William as his heir before leaving for Jerusalem.

On 1 May 1351, the citizens of Zurich had to swear allegiance before representatives of the cantons of Lucerne, Schwyz, Uri and Unterwalden, the other members of the Swiss Confederacy.

The earliest post-conquest Norman chroniclers report that King Edward had previously sent Robert, Archbishop of Canterbury to appoint as his heir Edward's maternal kinsman, William of Normandy, and that at this later date Harold was sent to swear fealty.

* July 17 – Twelve Christian inhabitants of Scillium in Numidia are executed in Carthage ( also in North Africa ) ( known as the Scillitan Martyrs ) – they had refused to swear an oath to the Emperor.

The Corporation Act 1661 required municipal officeholders to swear allegiance ; the Act of Uniformity 1662 made the use of the Anglican Book of Common Prayer compulsory ; the Conventicle Act 1664 prohibited religious assemblies of more than five people, except under the auspices of the Church of England ; and the Five Mile Act 1665 prohibited clergymen from coming within five miles ( 8 km ) of a parish from which they had been banished.

When the King had brought them there, and ordered them to swear by the departed spirit of the dolphin that Arion was dead, Arion came out of the monument.

In 1241, when Isabella and Hugh were summoned to the French court to swear fealty to King Louis IX of France's brother, Alphonse, who had been invested as Count of Poitou, their mother, the Queen Dowager Blanche openly snubbed her.

To participate in these mysteries one had to swear a vow of secrecy.

Mirate had use of his score only a few evenings before the première and had to swear that he would not sing or even whistle the tune of " La donna è mobile " except during the rehearsals.

In the 13th century Prose Edda, due to the scheming of Loki, the god Baldr is killed by his brother, the blind god Höðr, by way of a mistletoe projectile, despite the attempts of Baldr's mother, the goddess Frigg, to have all living things and inanimate objects swear an oath not to hurt Baldr after Baldr had troubling dreams of his death.

Furthermore, Oswald had to swear to refrain from any contact with nobles from outside Tyrol unless sanctioned by Count Friedrich.

To you, for instance, the word innocence, in this connotation, probably retained its Biblical, or should I say technical sense, and therefore I suppose I must make myself quite clear by saying that I lost -- or rather handed over -- what you would have considered to be my innocence two weeks before I was legally entitled, and in fact by oath required, to hand it over along with what other goods and bads I had.

He had had the need to understand what life lurked behind the mask of flesh, behind the oath, the banter, the sadness.

After he had gone, Kate asked Uncle Randolph proudly, `` Would you take their oath ''??

Next day, reports went through the Department that Rooney had been outraged by what he considered a patent attempt to put public pressure on him for increased entertainment allowances and had sworn an oath that, that year, expense allowances would not rise a dollar.

She had caught the implication of the oath.

His Amnesty Proclamation of December 8, 1863, offered pardons to those who had not held a Confederate civil office, had not mistreated Union prisoners, and would sign an oath of allegiance.

After some delay Sigismund assented to the offer, with the provision that Prussia should be treated as a Polish fiefdom ; and after this arrangement had been confirmed by a treaty concluded at Kraków, Albert pledged a personal oath to Sigismund I and was invested with the duchy for himself and his heirs on 10 February 1525.

Although details of the negotiations are lacking, Gruffydd ap Llywelyn swore loyalty to King Edward, but the oath may not have had any obligations on Gruffydd's part to Edward.

Andrew was crowned by Archbishop John of Kalocsa on 29 May 1205 in Székesfehérvár, but before the coronation, he had to take an oath.

The Catholic Encyclopaedia make the point that the oath and the penalties were so severe that it stopped the efforts of the Gallicanizing party among the English Catholics, who had been ready to offer forms of submission similar to the old oath of Allegiance, which was condemned anew about this time by Pope Innocent X.

Lord John Russell, the Whig leader who had succeeded Peel as Prime Minister and like Rothschild a member for the City of London, introduced a Jewish Disabilities Bill to amend the oath and permit Jews to enter Parliament.

In these sources, Benjamin swore an oath, on the memory of Joseph, that he was innocent of theft, and, when challenged about how believable the oath would be, explained that remembering Joseph was so important to him that he had named his sons in Joseph's honour ; these sources go on to state that Benjamin's oath touched Joseph so deeply that Joseph was no longer able to pretend to be a stranger.

In 1490 the estates of Croatia declined to recognize Vladislaus II until he had taken oath to respect their liberties, and insisted upon his erasing from the diploma certain phrases which seemed to reduce Croatia to the rank of a mere province.

In inflicting it, they were guided only by their conscientious convictions of duty ; they had to take an oath that they would act biased by neither partiality nor favour ; and, in addition to this, they were bound in every case to state in their lists, opposite the name of the guilty citizen, the cause of the punishment inflicted on him, Subscriptio censoria.

*" The Lord did not set his love upon you, nor choose you, because you were more in number than any people ; for you were the fewest of all people ; but because the Lord loved you, and because he would keep the oath which he had sworn unto your ancestors.

Presided over by Jean-Sylvain Bailly, they made a ' solemn oath never to separate ' until a national constitution had been created.

This process had already begun by confiscating church lands and requiring priests to take an oath to the state.

As biographer Allan Nevins wrote, " probably no man in the country, on March 4, 1881, had less thought than this limited, simple, sturdy attorney of Buffalo that four years later he would be standing in Washington and taking the oath as president of the United States.