When Haydn and Mozart began composing, symphonies were played as single movements — before, between, or as interludes within other works — and many of them lasted only ten or twelve minutes ; instrumental groups had varying standards of playing, and the continuo was a central part of music-making.

Alternatively, the game may be played with ring-shaped pieces with a central hole.

Despite this comparison, a fragment of a non-Christian parchment Codex of Demosthenes, De Falsa Legatione from Oxyrhynchus in Egypt demonstrates that the surviving evidence is insufficient to conclude whether Christians played a major, if not central, role in the development of early codices, or if they simply adopted the format to distinguish themselves from Jews.

The American Institute of Chemical Engineers ( AIChE ), established in 1908, played a key role in making chemical engineering considered an independent science, and unit operations central to chemical engineering.

Liberating the hands for the first time, this evolution saw the bass drum played ( first standing ) with the foot of a percussionist and became the central piece around which every other percussion instruments would later revolve.

After articulating the biological species concept in 1942, Mayr played a central role in the species problem debate over what was the best species concept.

This was a concept which played a central role in the development of Taguchi methods by Genichi Taguchi, which took place during his visit to Indian Statistical Institute in early 1950s.

Elves played a central role in Tolkien's legendarium, notably The Silmarillion.

Hayek also played a central role in Milton Friedman's intellectual development: " My interest in public policy and political philosophy was rather casual before I joined the faculty of the University of Chicago.

In a heavily agrarian society, land ownership played a central role.

West Germany played a central role in the creation of European cooperation ; it joined NATO in 1955 and was a founding member of the European Economic Community in 1958.

Gielgud played the central role many times: his 1936 New York production ran for 136 performances, leading to the accolade that he was " the finest interpreter of the role since Barrymore ".

Voroshilov played a central role in Stalin's Great Purge of the 1930s, denouncing many of his own military colleagues and subordinates when asked to do so by Stalin.

Adam Smith himself, for instance, praised the Navigation Acts as they greatly expanded the British merchant fleet, and played a central role in turning Britain into the naval and economic superpower from the 18th Century onward.

These funds played a central role in the reindustrialization of Germany.

He played a central role in the founding of the Santa Fe Institute, where he continues to work as a Distinguished Professor.

Nigeria has played a central role in the ECOWAS efforts to end the civil war in Liberia and contributed the bulk of the ECOWAS peacekeeping forces sent there in 1990.

Gerwarth argues that the constructed memory of Bismarck played a central role as an anti-democratic myth in the highly ideological battle over the past which raged between 1918 and 1933.

( During the Heartbreakers ' 1976 and 1977 tours of Britain, Thunders played a central role in popularizing heroin among the punk crowd there, as well.

They are believed to have played a central role in the mound-building peoples ' religious life and documented uses include semi-public chief's house platforms, public temple platforms, mortuary platforms, charnel house platforms, earth lodge / town house platforms, residence platforms, square ground and rotunda platforms, and dance platforms.

The cow () played a central role, in religion and mythology as well as in daily life.

As a subject of formal study and a productive civic practice, rhetoric has played a central role in the Western tradition.

JGA Pocock has played a central role, arguing that there is a distinct republican tradition that stretches from the classical world to the present.

Republicanism, especially that of Rousseau, played a central role in the French Revolution and foreshadowed modern republicanism.

Therefore Furet suggests that ideology played the crucial role in the rise of the Reign of Terror because " man's regeneration " became a central theme for the Committee of Public Safety as they were trying to instil ideals of free will and enlightened government in the public.

For lawyers, reflecting perhaps their parochial preferences, there has been a special fascination since then in the role played by the Supreme Court in that transformation -- the manner in which its decisions altered in `` the switch in time that saved nine '', President Roosevelt's ill-starred but in effect victorious `` Court-packing plan '', the imprimatur of judicial approval that was finally placed upon social legislation.

The active sponsor of Jefferson's measure for religious liberty in Virginia, Madison played the most influential single role in the drafting of the Constitution and in securing its ratification in Virginia, founded the first political party in American history, and, as Jefferson's Secretary of State and his successor in the Presidency, guided the nation through the troubled years of our second war with Britain.

He played the leading role in negotiating the treaty with Great Britain that ended the Revolution, and directed America's foreign affairs throughout the Confederation period.

To perpetuate wealth control led by small groups of individuals who played no role in its creation prevents those with real initiative from coming to the fore, and is basically anti-democratic.

It was here that the terror-stricken Dennis Moon played an unrehearsed role during the children's party.

At the end of work one day, the personnel man took the applicants one at a time, asked them to sit behind the receptionist's desk and he then played the role of a number of people who might come to the receptionist with a number of queries and for a number of purposes.

She was hired and was found to be entirely satisfactory when she played the role eight hours a day.

And the authors give numerous instances of calculated guessing on the patient's part to show how large a role it played in his process of readapting himself and how proficient he became at it.

Now a quiet-spoken, middle-aged man, Fiedler is an aeronautical engineer for Lockheed's Missiles and Space Division at Sunnyvale, where he played a key role in the development of the Navy's Polaris missile.

Greek Christian scribes played a crucial role in the preservation of Aristotle by copying all the extant Greek language manuscripts of the corpus.

In order to prepare the role of an important old actress, a theatre student interviews three actresses who were her pupils: an international diva ( Glòria Marc, played by Núria Espert ), a television star ( Assumpta Roca, played by Rosa Maria Sardà ) and a dubbing director ( Maria Caminal, played by Anna Lizaran ).

Transatlantic travel played a major role in the expansion of Western civilization into the Americas.

As of 2007, economic relations played " a fundamental role in the bilateral relations between the two governments ".

In the past and present, amateur astronomers have played a major role in discovering new comets.

Joan Hickson played the lead role.

Astronomy certainly played an important role in Chaco culture, as it is visible in the north-south axis alignment of many ceremonial structures.

Azerbaijan is an economy that has completed its post-Soviet transition into a major oil based economy ( with the completion of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline ), from one where the state played the major role.

In the early 1990s, the latter group blamed Armenia's economic woes on the role played by the former in closing major industries.

The formal study of architecture in academic institutions played a pivotal role in the development of the profession as a whole, serving as a focal point for advances in architectural technology and theory.

The afterlife played an important role in Ancient Egyptian religion, and its belief system is one of the earliest known.

The river played an important role in the growth of the economy in the region during the 19th century as a source of transportation of goods.

Aachen was the administrative centre for the coal-mining industries in neighbouring places to the northeast ; it never played any role in brown coal mining, however, neither in administrative or industrial terms.

But now the evidence of Tell Leilan, and recent findings of elevated dust deposits in sea-cores collected off Oman, that date to the period of Akkad's collapse suggest that this climate change may have played a role.