According to Needham, though there is no way of answering the question of whether the crossbow first arose among the cultures neighboring ancient China before the rise of Chinese culture in their midst, or whether it spread outwards from China to all the environing peoples, the former seems the more probable hypothesis given linguistic evidence, which posits that the Chinese word for ' crossbow ' came from an Austroasiatic language.

Based upon the principles of Skinnerian behaviorism, RFT posits that children acquire language purely through interacting with the environment.

After outlining the various aspects of the contact, Staal posits the theory that the idea of formal rules in language, first proposed by de Saussure in 1894, and finally developed by Chomsky in 1957, based on which formal rules were also introduced in computational languages, may indeed lie in the European exposure to the formal rules of Paninian grammar.

Whereas American culture posits the notion of the " melting-pot " and cultural diversity, the expression " French culture " tends to refer implicitly to a specific geographical entity ( as, say, " metropolitan France ", generally excluding its overseas departments ) or to a specific historico-sociological group defined by ethnicity, language, religion and geography.

It posits that language users are rational, and choose ( speak ) a language that clearly marks their rights and obligations, relative to other speakers, in the conversation and its setting.

" Thus, his letter to the editor of Maclean's posits Mr. Charest as " the defender of Quebecers in their 400-year struggle to preserve their culture and language.

Another hypothesis connecting the Tyrrhenians and the Eruscans posits that the Etruscans derive at least partially from a 12th century BC invasion from the Aegean and Anatolia imposing itself over the Italic Villanovan culture, with some scholars claiming a relationship or at least evidence of close contact between the Anatolian languages and the Etruscan language.

" He posits language and human culture as similar.

The basic idea that Chatwin posits is that language started as song, and the aboriginal Dreamtime sings the land into existence.

Miller points to the well-documented cultural links between Indonesia and the east coast of Africa ( e. g., the Malagasy language is related to Malay, both people use double outrigger canoes ), then posits that the use of the Monsoons began far earlier than previously thought, allowing traders to bring their spices westward perhaps as early as the 2nd millennium BC.

One theory, the environmental theory, posits that the location and context of the crime bring the victim of the crime and its perpetrator together.

The concept generally posits that much of what purports to be criticism of Israel by various individuals and world bodies, is, in fact, tantamount to demonization, and that, together with an alleged international resurgence of attacks on Jews and Jewish symbols, and an increased acceptance of antisemitic beliefs in public discourse, such demonization represents an evolution in the appearance of antisemitic beliefs.

The game posits that this grants them immunity to the effects of hostile environments and pollution and they require no sustenance, at the expense of impeding their reproductive rate and their ability to interact with other intelligent species.

In response to Hobbes, the French Philosopher Rene Descartes ( 1596 – 1650 ) developed Cartesian Dualism, which posits that there is a divisible, mechanical body and an indivisible, immaterial mind which interact with one another.

Mulvey posits in her notes to the Criterion Collection DVD of Michael Powell's controversial film Peeping Tom that the cinema spectator ’ s own voyeurism is made shockingly obvious and even more shockingly, the spectator identifies with the perverted protagonist.

The best-known attempt is doubly special relativity, which posits that the Planck length is also the same in all reference frames, and is associated with the work of Giovanni Amelino-Camelia and João Magueijo.

In 1985 Classical historian Georg Luck, in his Arcana Mundi: Magic and the Occult in the Greek and Roman Worlds, theorised that the origins of the Witch-cult may have appeared in late antiquity as a faith primarily designed to worship the Horned God, stemming from the merging of Cernunnos, a horned god of the Celts, with the Greco-Roman Pan / Faunus, a combination of gods which he posits created a new deity, around which the remaining pagans, those refusing to convert to Christianity, rallied and that this deity provided the prototype for later Christian conceptions of the Devil, and his worshippers were cast by the Church as witches.

Georg Luck, repeats part of Murray's theory, stating that the Horned God may have appeared in late antiquity, stemming from the merging of Cernunnos, a horned god of the Celts, with the Greco-Roman Pan / Faunus, a combination of gods which he posits created a new deity, around which the remaining pagans, those refusing to convert to Christianity, rallied and that this deity provided the prototype for later Christian conceptions of the devil, and his worshippers were cast by the Church as witches.

For example, he posits taking bacteria with no flagellum and imposing a selective pressure for mobility.

Note however that Kierkegaard's meaning of " nihilism " differs from the modern definition in the sense that, for Kierkegaard, levelling led to a life lacking meaning, purpose or value, whereas the modern interpretation of nihilism posits that there was never any meaning, purpose or value to begin with.

The formal development of this theory begins with Heraclitus's fragments in which he posits the nous, the ground of Becoming, as agon, or " strife of opposites " as the underlying basis of all reality defined by change.

The precise nature of the revision or critique of structuralism differs with each post-structuralist author, though common themes include the rejection of the self-sufficiency of the structures that structuralism posits and an interrogation of the binary oppositions that constitute those structures.

One of these is the " Sino-Caucasian " hypothesis of Sergei Starostin, which posits that the Yeniseian languages and North Caucasian languages form a clade with Sino-Tibetan.

This position is in direct contrast with Dual-covenant theology which posits that both biblical covenants still apply.

He describes the " city of man " and essentially posits that God's plan is to replace the city of man with the city of God ( at some as-yet-unknown point in the future ).

Gender role theory posits that boys and girls learn the appropriate behavior and attitudes from the family and overall culture they grow up with, and so non-physical gender differences are a product of socialization.

" From there the Oracle site posits " The Center of the Hollywood Universe " as being the person with the lowest average personality number.

Author and professor Mona Lisa Saloy posits a different theory, stating in African American Oral Traditions in Louisiana that " The dozens has its origins in the slave trade of New Orleans where deformed slaves — generally slaves punished with dismemberment for disobedience — were grouped in lots of a ' cheap dozen ' for sale to slave owners.

A more recent analysis of early records posits that at least some of the Cheyenne remained in the Mille Lac region of Minnesota until c. 1765, when the Chippewa ( Ojibwe ) defeated the Dakota with firearms — pushing the Cheyenne in turn to the Minnesota River, where they were reported in 1766.

One such thesis, largely based on oral tradition, posits that the Tutsi experienced some admixture with or were partially descended from migrants of Caucasoid stock, who usually were said to have arrived in the Great Lakes region from the Horn of Africa and / or North Africa.

He posits that S has been dominant in Western culture for over two millennia, often making bedfellows with religious doctrine, which united self-interest and morality.

About the origins of the network society, he posits that changes to the network form of enterprise predate the electronic internet technologies ( usually ) associated with network organization forms ( cf.

Näsström notes that, just like Odin, Freyja receives slain heroes who have died on the battlefield, and that her house is Sessrumnir ( which she translates as " filled with many seats "), a dwelling that Näsström posits likely fills the same function as Valhalla.

Materialism posits a real ' world out there ,' as well as in and through us, that can be sensed — seen, heard, tasted, touched and felt, sometimes with prosthetic technologies corresponding to human sensing organs.

He posits that the computational process in the brain of the being with free will is actually complex enough so that it cannot be captured in a simpler computation, due to the principle of computational irreducibility.

The PCT posits that the advent of Indo-European languages should be linked to the arrival of Homo sapiens in Europe and Asia from Africa in the Upper Paleolithic.

This wilful destruction of values and the overcoming of the condition of nihilism by the constructing of new meaning, this active nihilism, could be related to what Nietzsche elsewhere calls a ' free spirit ' or the Übermensch from Thus Spoke Zarathustra and the Antichrist, the model of the strong individual who posits his own values and lives his life as if it were his own work of art.

This perspective lends credence to the complex argument that Newfoundlanders resemble what conventional wisdom posits as a discrete and unique " ethnic group " quite separate from the ethnicity of the larger population.

Panentheism ( from Greek ( pân ) " all "; ( en ) " in "; and ( theós ) " God "; " all-in-God ") is a belief system which posits that the divine ( be it a monotheistic God, polytheistic gods, or an eternal cosmic animating force ), interpenetrates every part of nature and timelessly extends beyond it.

Another common scenario posits refrigerators " aware " of their suitably tagged contents, able to both plan a variety of menus from the food actually on hand, and warn users of stale or spoiled food.

Much like modern science, epicurean philosophy posits that empiricism can be used to sort truth from falsehood.

The theory can be derived from William Stanley Jevons ' sordinal utility theory, which posits that individuals can always rank any consumption bundles by order of preference.

Unlike Existentialism, which posits " being " as the fundamental reality, the essentialist ontology must be approached from a metaphysical perspective.

It posits, essentially, that the Quarto derives from something close to Shakespeare's foul papers, and the Folio is drawn in some way from a promptbook, prepared for production by Shakespeare's company or someone else.

Muller, referring to the date of a recent extinction at 11 million years before the present day, posits that Nemesis has a semi-major axis of about and suggests it is located ( supported by Yarris, 1987 ) near Hydra, based on a hypothetical orbit derived from original apogees of a number of atypical long-period comets that describe an orbital arc meeting the specifications of Muller's hypothesis.

A fourth model posits that teosinte resulted from hybridization between an early wild form of Z. m. mays and Tripsacum.

Keynesian theory posits that removing spending from the economy will reduce levels of aggregate demand and contract the economy, thus stabilizing prices.

Keegan posits a north-ward migration route from Great Inagua Island to Acklins and Crooked Islands, then on to Long Island.

The Interpersonal Deception Theory posits that interpersonal deception is a dynamic, iterative process of mutual influence between a sender, who manipulates information to depart from the truth, and a receiver, who attempts to establish the validity of the message.

Liberal democracy, on the other hand, posits freedom as something that can and should be achieved by the individual in the short term, even at the expense of things such as material well-being, and sees as an element of this freedom a " freedom from government " wherein the individual is able to exercise " freedom " in his own terms to the extent that they do not contravene the law.