In Being and Time, Heidegger opens by positing that the potentialities of Dasein's Being extend beyond the realms disclosed by positive science or in the history of metaphysics.

It is a fundamental concept in the existential philosophy of Martin Heidegger particularly in his magnum opus Being and Time.

for the British newspaper The Guardian, Critchley explores Martin Heidegger ’ s magnum opus, Being and Time, first published in 1927.

In calling his work Being and Nothingness an " essay in phenomenological ontology " Jean-Paul Sartre follows Heidegger in defining the human essence as ambiguous, or relating fundamentally to such ambiguity.

Heidegger, in his quest to re-pose the original pre-Socratic question of Being, wondered at how to meaningfully ask the question of the meaning of being, since it is both the greatest, as it includes everything that is, and the least, since no particular thing can be said of it.

Heidegger coined the term " dasein " for this property of being in his influential work Being and Time (" this entity which each of us is himself … we shall denote by the term ' dasein.

* Heidegger, Being and Time

More recently, Martin Heidegger used " lēthē " to symbolize the " concealment of Being " or " forgetting of Being " that he saw as a major problem of modern philosophy.

The 20th century philosopher Heidegger thought previous philosophers have lost sight of the question of Being ( qua Being ) in favour of the questions of beings ( existing things ), so that a return to the Parmenidean approach was needed.

In his Nihilism as Determined by the History of Being ( 1944 – 46 ), Heidegger tries to understand Nietzsche ’ s nihilism as trying to achieve a victory through the devaluation of the, until then, highest values.

One of Heidegger ’ s main critiques on philosophy is that philosophy, and more specifically metaphysics, has forgotten to discriminate between investigating the notion of a Being ( Seiende ) and Being ( Sein ).

And because metaphysics has forgotten to ask about the notion of Being ( what Heidegger calls Seinsvergessenheit ), it is a history about the destruction of Being.

Influential to thinkers associated with Postmodernism are Heidegger's critique of the subject-object or sense-knowledge division implicit in Rationalism, Empiricism and Methodological Naturalism, his repudiation of the idea that facts exist outside or separately from the process of thinking and speaking them ( however, Heidegger is not specifically a Nominalist ), his related admission that the possibilities of philosophical and scientific discourse are wrapped up in the practices and expectations of a society and that concepts and fundamental constructs are the expression of a lived, historical exercise rather than simple derivations of external, apriori conditions independent from historical mind and changing experience ( see Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Heinrich von Kleist, Weltanschauung and Social Constructionism ), and his Instrumentalist and Negativist notion that Being ( and, by extension, reality ) is an action, method, tendency, possibility and question rather than a discreet, positive, identifiable state, answer or entity ( see also Process Philosophy, Dynamism, Instrumentalism, Pragmatism and Vitalism ).

Martin Heidegger, author of Being and Time ( 1927 ).

Heidegger published one of the cornerstones of 20th century philosophy during this period, Being and Time ( 1927 ).

* Martin Heidegger – philosopher ( Being and Time )

Martin Heidegger (; September 26, 1889May 26, 1976 ) was a German philosopher known for his existential and phenomenological explorations of the " question of Being ".

Heidegger claimed that Western philosophy since Plato has misunderstood what it means for something " to be ", tending to approach this question in terms of a being, rather than asking about Being itself.

In other words, Heidegger believed all investigations of being have historically focused on particular entities and their properties, or have treated Being itself as an entity, or substance, with properties.

In 1927, Heidegger published his main work Sein und Zeit ( Being and Time ).

In Being and Time, Heidegger criticized the abstract and metaphysical character of traditional ways of grasping human existence as rational animal, person, man, soul, spirit, or subject.

That Heidegger did not write this second part of Being and Time, and that the existential analytic was left behind in the course of Heidegger's subsequent writings on the history of being, might be interpreted as a failure to conjugate his account of individual experience with his account of the vicissitudes of the collective human adventure that he understands the Western philosophical tradition to be.

Heidegger wrote most of Being and Time there.

Being and Time influenced many thinkers, including such existentialist thinkers as Jean-Paul Sartre ( although Heidegger distanced himself from existentialism — see below ).

Recent scholarship has shown that Heidegger was substantially influenced by St. Augustine of Hippo and that Martin Heidegger's Being and Time would not have been possible without the influence of Augustine's thought.

" Gadamer nevertheless makes clear that Dilthey's influence was important in helping the youthful Heidegger " in distancing himself from the systematic ideal of Neo-Kantianism, as Heidegger acknowledges in Being and Time.

The differences between Husserl and Heidegger are significant, but if we do not see how much it is the case that Husserlian phenomenology provides the framework for Heidegger's approach, we will not be able to appreciate the exact nature of Heidegger's project in Being and Time or why he let it unfinished.

In 1941, under pressure from publisher Max Niemeyer, Heidegger agreed to remove the dedication to Husserl from Being and Time ( restored in post-war editions ).

Malik wrote his PhD dissertation about Whitehead, in which Malik compared Whitehead's Metaphysics of Time to that of Martin Heidegger.

The most prominent figure among the existentialists is Jean-Paul Sartre whose ideas in his book Being and Nothingness ( L ' être et le néant ) are heavily influenced by Being and Time ( Sein und Zeit ) of Martin Heidegger, although Heidegger later stated that he was misunderstood by Sartre.

Neither are they appearances, for, as Heidegger argues in Being and Time, an appearance is " that which shows itself in something else ," while a phenomenon is " that which shows itself in itself.

* Annemarie Gethmann-Siefert, " Heidegger and Hölderlin: The Over-Usage of " Poets in an Impoverished Time "", Heidegger Studies ( 1990 ).

It was then transformed by Martin Heidegger ( 1889 – 1976 ), whose famous book Being and Time applied phenomenology to ontology, and who, along with Ludwig Wittgenstein, is considered one of the most influential philosophers of the 20th century.

German philosopher Martin Heidegger ( Being and Time ), defined intentionality as " care " ( Sorge ), a sentient condition where an individual's existentiality, facticity, and forfeiture to the world identifies their ontological significance, in contrast to that which is the mere ontic ( thinghood ).

Time, space and ethics in the philosophy of Watsuji Tetsurō, Kuki Shūzō, and Martin Heidegger ( New York: Routledge, 2006 ).

Such observations of Heidegger, along with a critique of Max Scheler, were put into a lecture Husserl gave to various Kant Societies in Frankfurt, Berlin, and Halle during 1931 entitled Phänomenologie und Anthropologie.

He was at first impressed with Heidegger and began a book on him, but broke off the project when Heidegger became involved with the Nazis.

He appreciated Husserl, Scheler, and ( but with apprehension ) Heidegger.

He returned to Freiburg in 1928 to study with Edmund Husserl and write a Habilitation with Martin Heidegger, which was published in 1932 as Hegel's Ontology and Theory of Historicity.

This early interest in Heidegger followed Marcuse's demand for “ concrete philosophy ,” which, he declared in 1928, “ concerns itself with the truth of contemporaneous human existence .” These words were directed against the neo-Kantianism of the mainstream, and against both the revisionist and orthodox Marxist alternatives, in which the subjectivity of the individual played little role.

Maurice Merleau-Ponty () ( 14 March 1908 – 3 May 1961 ) was a French phenomenological philosopher, strongly influenced by Karl Marx, Edmund Husserl, and Martin Heidegger in addition to being closely associated with Jean-Paul Sartre ( who later stated he had been " converted " to Marxism by Merleau-Ponty ) and Simone de Beauvoir.

In this latter premise, Heidegger shares an affinity with the late Romantic philosopher, Friedrich Nietzsche, another principal forerunner of Post-structuralist and Postmodernist thought.

Derrida utilized, like Heidegger, references to Greek philosophical notions associated with the Skeptics and the Presocratics, such as Epoché and Aporia to articulate his notion of implicit circularity between premises and conclusions, origins and manifestations, but-in a manner analogous in certain respects to Gilles Deleuze-presented a radical re-reading of canonical philosophical figures such as Plato, Aristotle and Descartes as themselves being informed by such " destabilizing " notions.

The second generation of Classicists, often trained in philosophy as well ( following Heidegger and Derrida, mainly ), built on their work, with authors such as Marcel Detienne ( now at Johns Hopkins ), Nicole Loraux, Medievalist and logician Alain De Libera ( Geneva ), Ciceronian scholar Carlos Lévy ( Sorbonne, Paris ) and Barbara Cassin ( Collége international de philosophie, Paris ).

Friedrich Nietzsche and, after him, Martin Heidegger, Michel Foucault and Gilles Deleuze also rejected the notion of " substance ", and in the same movement the concept of subject contained with the framework of Platonic idealism.

Among the prominent philosophers not associated with the Frankfurt School were Martin Heidegger and Max Weber.

However the apparently irresolvable mind-body problem is said to be overcome, and bypassed, by the Embodied cognition approach, with its roots in the work of Heidegger, Piaget, Vygotsky, Merleau-Ponty and the pragmatist John Dewey.

Heidegger is a controversial figure, largely for his affiliation with the Nazis, for which he never apologized nor expressed regret, except in private when he called it " the biggest stupidity of his life " ( die größte Dummheit seines Lebens ).

Heidegger argued that this misunderstanding, beginning with Plato, has left its traces in every stage of Western thought.

Heidegger later left Catholicism, describing it as incompatible with his philosophy.

Heidegger completed his doctoral thesis on psychologism in 1914 influenced by Neo-Thomism and Neo-Kantianism, and in 1916 finished his venia legendi with a thesis on Duns Scotus influenced by Heinrich Rickert and Edmund Husserl.

In late 1946, as France engaged in épuration légale, the French military authorities determined that Heidegger should be forbidden from teaching or participating in any university activities because of his association with the Nazi Party.

The denazification procedures against Heidegger continued until March 1949, when he was finally pronounced a " Mitläufer " ( literally, mit = with, Läufer = runner, i. e. " one who runs along with ", but the equivalent meaning in English is closer to " bandwagon effect " or " herd instinct ", standing for the notion that people often do and believe things merely because many other people do and believe the same things ) of National Socialism, and no punitive measures against him were proposed.