Goharshād ( Gowharšād ; meaning " joyful jewel " or " shining jewel " in Persian ; alternative spelling: Gawharshād ) was a wife of Shāh Ru < u > kh </ u >, the emperor of the Timurid Dynasty of Herāt.

The name of the district and its main town is derived from that of the chief river of the region, the Hari River ( Old Iranian Harayu, " Golden Water "), which traverses the district and passes some south of modern Herāt.

The Arab army under the general command of Ahnaf ibn Qais in its conquest of Khorāsān in 652 seems to have avoided Herāt, but it can be assumed that the city submitted to the Arabs, since shortly afterwards an Arab governor is mentioned there.

When the Arab armies appeared in Khorāsān in the 650s AD, Herāt was counted among the twelve capital towns of the Sasanian Empire.

In 1405 she moved the Timurid capital from Samarkand to Herāt.

The roads from Herāt to Iran, Turkmenistan, and other parts of Afghanistan are still strategically important.

In the last two centuries of Sasanian rule, Aria ( Herāt ) had great strategic importance in the endless wars between the Sasanians, the Chionites and the Hephthalites who had been settled in modern northern Afghanistan since the late 4th century.

Unable to regain territory lost to Russia in the early 19th century, Nāṣer al-Dīn sought compensation by seizing Herāt, Afghanistan, in 1856.

Great Britain regarded the move as a threat to British India and declared war on Iran, forcing the return of Herāt as well as Iranian recognition of the kingdom of Afghanistan.

Situated in a fertile area, Herāt dates back to the Avestan times and was traditionally known for its wine.

During the Middle Ages Herāt became one of the important cities of Khorasan, as it was known as the pearl of Khorasan.

Herāt lies on the ancient trade routes of the Middle East, Central and South Asia.

Herodotus described Herāt as the bread-basket of Central Asia.

As did many other places in Khorāsān, Herāt rebelled and had to be re-conquered several times.

The region of Herāt was under the rule of King Nuh III, the seventh of the Samanid line — at the time of Sebük Tigin and his older son, Mahmud of Ghazni.

The governor of Herāt was a noble by the name of Faik, who was appointed by Nuh III.

Bogra Khan answered Faik's call, came to Herāt and became its ruler.

The Samanids fled, betrayed at the hands of Faik to whom the defence of Herāt had been entrusted by Nuh III.

Alp Tigin, along with Mahmud of Ghazni, defeated Faik and annexed Herāt, Nishapur and Tous.

His wife, Gowhar Shād, funded the construction of two outstanding mosques and theological colleges in Mashhad and Herāt.

Along with her brothers who were administrators at the Timurid court in Herāt, Goharshād played a very important role in the early Timurid history.

Many exquisite examples of Timurid architecture remain in Herāt today.

According to legend, Goharshād once inspected a mosque and a religious school ( madrasah ) in Herāt accompanied by two hundred female attendants, after it had been cleared of its students, all of whom were male.

However, most of the Fārsīwān speak the Khorasani dialect, native to the Afghanistan-Iran border region, namely Herāt and Farāh, as well as the Iranian provinces of Khorasan.

Afghanistan ( Persian / Pashto:, Afġānistān ), officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country forming part of South Asia, Central Asia, and to some extent Western Asia.

Ahmad Shah Durrani ( c. 1722 – 1773 ) ( Pashto /), also known as Ahmad Shāh Abdālī ( Pashto / Persian: احمد شاه ابدالي ) and born as Ahmad < u > Kh </ u > ān, was the founder of the Durrani Empire ( Afghan Empire ) in 1747 and is regarded by many to be the founder of the modern state of Afghanistan .</ poem >

Herodotus also relates the desecration of Ahmose II / Amasis ' mummy when the Persian king Cambyses conquered Egypt and thus ended the 26th Saite dynasty:

Iron plate with an order 6 magic square in Persian / Arabic numbers from China, dating to the Yuan Dynasty ( 1271 – 1368 ).

It also remained the spoken tongue of the indigenous Assyrian / Babylonian citizens of all Mesopotamia under Persian, Greek and Roman rule, and indeed well into the Arab period it was still the language of the majority, particularly in the north of Mesopotamia, surviving to this day among the Assyrian Christians.

Afghan ( Pashto / Persian: افغان ; see etymology ) is used to indicate a citizen of Afghanistan.

* 1938 – Allama Muhammad Iqbal, Philosopher and Urdu / Persian poet ( b. 1877 )

* or Areian: the designation of an inhabitant of Aria ( a region in the eastern part of the Persian empire ; today's Herat ), used by the ancient and medieval Greeks ( as Ἄρ ( ε ) ιοι / Ar ( e ) ioi ) and Romans ( as Arii ).

Another Indo-European example is star ( English ), str-( Sanskrit ), tara ( Hindi-Urdu ), étoile ( French ), ἀστήρ ( astēr ) ( Greek or ἀστέρι / ἄστρο, asteri / astro in Modern Greek ), stella ( Italian ), aster ( Latin ) stea ( Romanian and Venetian ), stairno ( Gothic ), astl ( Armenian ), Stern ( German ), ster ( Dutch and Afrikaans ), starn ( Scots ), stjerne ( Norwegian and Danish ), stjarna ( Icelandic ), stjärna ( Swedish ), stjørna ( Faroese ), setāre ( Persian ), stoorei ( Pashto ), seren ( Welsh ), steren ( Cornish ), estel ( Catalan ), estrella Spanish, estrella Asturian and Leonese, estrela ( Portuguese and Galician ) and estêre or stêrk ( Kurdish ), from the PIE, " star ".

The 12 year cycle, including Turkish / Mongolian translations of the animal names ( known as sanawat-e turki سنوات ترکی ,) remained in use for chronology, historiography, and bureaucratic purposes in the Persian and Turkish speaking world from Asia Minor to India and Mongolia throughout the Medieval and Early Modern periods.

The name is commonly translated as " harbor / haven of peace " or " abode / home of peace ", based on the Persian / Arabic bandar (" harbor ") or the Arabic dar (" house "), and the Arabic es salaam (" of peace ") ( cf.

Tiridates III, Arsacid claimant to the Armenian throne and Roman client, had been disinherited and forced to take refuge in the Empire after the Persian conquest of 252 / 3.

Other examples of late Biblical Hebrew include the qetAl pattern form nouns, which would have dated after an Aramaic influence, the frequent use of the relative sh (- ש ) alongside asher ( אשר ), the Ut ending ( ות -), the frequent use of the participle for the present ( which is later developed in Rabbinic Hebrew ), using the prefix conjugation in the future ( vs. the older preterite use ), and terms that appear to specifically fit a Persian / Hellenistic context ( e. g. Shallit ).

Ephrem combines in his writing a threefold heritage: he draws on the models and methods of early Rabbinic Judaism, he engages skillfully with Greek science and philosophy, and he delights in the Mesopotamian / Persian tradition of mystery symbolism.

The oldest depictions of harps without a forepillar are from 500 BCE, which was the Persian harp of Perspolis / Persia in Iran and from 400 BCE in Egypt.

Jalalabad ( Pashto / Persian: جلال آباد ), formerly called Adina Pour () as documented by the 7th century Hsüan-tsang, is a city in eastern Afghanistan.

The process of distilling crude oil / petroleum into kerosene, as well as other hydrocarbon compounds, was first written about in the 9th century by the Persian scholar Rāzi ( or Rhazes ).

Khadamat-e Aetla ' at-e Dawlati ( Pashto / Persian ' خدمات اطلاعات دولتی ') translates directly to English as: " State Intelligence Agency ".

Mazār-i-Sharīf or Mazār-e Sharīf ( Persian / Pashto: مزار ِ شریف, ) is the fourth-largest city of Afghanistan, with a population of about 375, 000 as of 2006.

* 1877 – Allama Muhammad Iqbal, Philospher and Urdu / Persian poet ( d. 1938 )

* Network Economics in Farsi / Persian, Behrooz Hassani M