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Hipparchus of Nicaea, or more correctly Hipparchos (; c. 190 BC – c. 120 BC ), was a Greek astronomer, geographer, and mathematician of the Hellenistic period.
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Hipparchus and Nicaea
* Hipparchus, Nicaea, modern Turkey
Hipparchus was born in Nicaea, Bithynia ( now Iznik, Turkey ), and probably died on the island of Rhodes.
Though there is still-controversial evidence that Aristarchus of Samos possessed distinct values for the sidereal and tropical years as early as c. 280 BC, the discovery of precession is usually attributed to Hipparchus ( 190 – 120 BC ) of Rhodes or Nicaea, a Greek astronomer.
Hipparchus and more
Linguistically, the association of horse ownership with social status extends back at least as far as ancient Greece, where many aristocratic names incorporated the Greek word for horse, like Hipparchus and Xanthippe ; the character Pheidippides in Aristophanes ' Clouds has his grandfather's name with hipp-inserted to sound more aristocratic.
Although Strabo cited the antique Greek astronomers Eratosthenes and Hipparchus, acknowledging their astronomical and mathematical efforts towards geography, he claimed that a descriptive approach was more practical, such that his works were designed for statesmen who were more anthropologically than numerically concerned with the character of countries and regions.
Hipparchus concluded that the equinoxes were moving (" precessing ") through the zodiac, and that the rate of precession was not less than 1 ° in a century, in other words completing a full cycle in no more than 36000 years.
Hipparchus dropped one more day from four Callipic cycles ( 304 years ), creating the Hipparchic cycle with an average year of 365 + 1 / 4 − 1 / 304 or 365. 24671 days, which was close to his tropical year of 365 + 1 / 4 − 1 / 300 or 365. 24667 days.
This discovery proves that Hipparchus mathematics were much more advanced than Ptolemy describes in his books, as it is evident that he developed a good approximation of Kepler ΄ s second law.
Hipparchus is considered the pre-eminent astronomical observer of the ancient world, and was probably the first to develop an accurate method for the prediction of solar eclipse, while Aristarchus of Samos was the first known astronomer to propose a heliocentric model of the solar system, though the geocentric model of Ptolemy was more commonly accepted until the seventeenth century.
Thereafter, from Hipparchus and Ptolemy down to the time of Newton's work in the seventeenth century, lunar theories were composed mainly with the help of geometrical ideas, inspired more or less directly by long series of positional observations of the moon.
Hipparchus and c
The Hellenistic astronomers Hipparchus ( c. 150 BC ) and Ptolemy ( c. AD 150 ) subdivided the day sexagesimally and also used a mean hour, simple fractions of an hour (,, etc.
Hipparchus ( c. 190 – c. 120 BC ) completed his star catalogue in 129 BC, which he compared to Timocharis ' and discovered that the longitude of the stars had changed over time.
** Hipparchus, Greek astronomer, geographer, and mathematician ( d. c. 120 BC )
* Hipparchus, Greek astronomer, geographer, and mathematician ( d. c. 120 BC )
* Hipparchus, Greek astronomer and mathematician, on Rhodes ( approximate date ) ( b. c. 190 BC )
The Greek astronomer Hipparchus ( c. 190 – c. 120 BCE ) credited Eratosthenes ( 276 – 194 BCE ) as the inventor of the armillary sphere.
A remarkable statement mentioned by Diogenes Laertius ( c. 250 AD ) is the earliest ( or at least one of the earliest ) references about plausible centenarian longevity given by a scientist, the astronomer Hipparchus of Nicea ( c. 185 – c. 120 BC ), who, according to the doxographer, was assured that the philosopher Democritus of Abdera ( c. 470 / 460 – c. 370 / 360 BC ) lived 109 years.
The first tables of trigonometric functions known to be made were by Hipparchus ( c. 190 BC – c. 120 BC ) and Menelaus ( c. 70 – 140 CE ), but both have been lost.
* Hipparchus, Tiberius Claudius, the richest man in the Roman Empire in the 1st c b. c.
Hipparchus and .
This can be dated back to Hipparchus, who around 190 BC used the catalogue of his predecessors Timocharis and Aristillus to discover the earth ’ s precession.
Hipparchus compiled a catalogue with at least 850 stars and their positions.
Like the earlier catalogs of Hipparchus and Ptolemy, Ulugh Beg's catalogue is estimated to have been precise to within approximately 20 minutes of arc.
Hipparchus also gave an estimate of the distance of the Sun from the Earth, quoted by Pappus as equal to 490 Earth radii.
Hipparchus, brother of the tyrant Hippias, was killed by Harmodius and Aristogeiton, who were subsequently honored by the Athenians for their alleged restoration of Athenian freedom.
Greek historian Plutarch discusses an argument between Chrysippus ( 3rd century BCE ) and Hipparchus ( 2nd century BCE ) of a rather delicate enumerative problem, which was later shown to be related to Schröder numbers.
Hipparchus.
Hipparchus is considered the greatest ancient astronomical observer and, by some, the greatest overall astronomer of antiquity.
It would be three centuries before Claudius Ptolemaeus ' synthesis of astronomy would supersede the work of Hipparchus ; it is heavily dependent on it in many areas.
An important role in this standardisation appears to have been played by the Athenian tyrant Hipparchus, who reformed the recitation of Homeric poetry at the Panathenaic festival.
Hipparchus ( 190 – 120 BC ), focusing on astronomy and mathematics, used sophisticated geometrical techniques to map the motion of the stars and planets, even predicting the times that solar eclipses would happen.
Although he wrote at least fourteen books, almost nothing of Hipparchus ' direct work survived.
Although Greek astronomers had known, at least since Hipparchus, that the tropical year was a few minutes shorter than 365. 25 days, the calendar did not compensate for this difference.
These included notable thinkers such as Euclid, Archimedes, Eratosthenes, Herophilus, Erasistratus, Hipparchus, Aedesia, Pappus, Hypatia, Aristarchus of Samos, and Saint Catherine.
It was not separated from Centaurus until Hipparchus of Bithynia named it Therion ( meaning beast ) in the 200s BCE.
A later developer in this tradition was Hipparchus.
A central problem was that of projectile motion, which was discussed by Hipparchus and Philoponus.
Taking a different view from other modern scholars, Ulansey argues that the Mithraic mysteries began in the Greco-Roman world as a religious response to the discovery by the Greek astronomer Hipparchus of the astronomical phenomenon of the precession of the equinoxes – a discovery that amounted to discovering that the entire cosmos was moving in a hitherto unknown way.
He calculates the latitudes to be 64 ° 32 ′ and 65 ° 31 ′, supporting Hipparchus ' statement of the latitude of Thule.
Hipparchus and 190
The Greek astronomer and astrologer Hipparchus ( 190 – 120 BCE ) created a table of chord functions giving the length of the chord for each angle, and there are references to his using polar coordinates in establishing stellar positions.
According to French astronomer Camille Guillaume Bigourdan ( 1851-1932 ), the French astronomers Adrien Auzout ( 1622-1691 ) and Jacques Buot ( or Buhot ) (< 1623-1678 ), the Dutch physicist Christiaan Huygens ( 1629-1695 ), the Czech physician / astronomer Hagecius ( 1525-1600 ) had all suggested the method ; even the ancient Greek astronomer Hipparchus ( 190 B. C. E .- 120 B. C. E.
Hipparchus and BC
The star catalog of Hipparchus ( 2nd century BC ) included 1020 stars and was used to assemble Ptolemy's star catalogue.
Hipparchus in the 2nd century BC enumerated about 850 stars.
The tyrant Peisistratos had died in 527 BC, passing power to his sons, Hipparchus and Hippias.
Hipparchus was murdered in 514 BC, and in response to this, Hippias became paranoid and started to rely increasingly on foreign mercenaries to keep a hold on power.
Ptolemy lived in the 2nd century AD, three centuries after the discovery of the precession of the equinoxes by Hipparchus around 130 BC, but he ignored the problem by dropping the concept of a fixed celestial sphere and adopting what is referred to as a tropical coordinate system instead.
Bacchylides's career as a poet probably benefitted from the high reputation of his uncle, Simonides, whose patrons, when Bacchylides was born, already included Hipparchus, tyrant of Athens 527 – 14 BC.
* 150 BC – Hipparchus uses parallax to determine that the distance to the Moon is roughly 380, 000 km
* 134 BC – Hipparchus discovers the precession of the equinoxes
* 134 BC — Hipparchus creates the magnitude scale of stellar apparent luminosities
134 BC — Hipparchus makes a detailed star map
In the 2nd century BC Hipparchus of Nicea made a number of contributions, including the first measurement of precession and the compilation of the first star catalog in which he proposed the modern system of apparent magnitudes.
We find Hipparchus ' mathematical signatures in the Antikythera Mechanism, an ancient astronomical computer of the 2nd century BC.
An early astrolabe was invented in the Hellenistic world in 150 BC and is often attributed to Hipparchus.
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