* Jacob Neusner Judaism: The Evidence of the Mishnah ( Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981 ), pp. 14 – 22.

Judaism, The Evidence of the Mishnah.

* See: Chepey, S. Nazirites in Late Second Temple Judaism: A Survey of Ancient Jewish Writings, the New Testament, Archaeological Evidence, and other Writings from Late Antiquity.

Nor is there a forty days ' fast in Judaism of the period ( see Mishnah Tractate Ta ' anit, " Days of Fasting ").

In the Mishnah, a core text of Rabbinic Judaism, acceptance of the Divine origins of this covenant is considered an essential aspect of Judaism and those who reject the Covenant forfeit their share in the World to Come.

From the time of the Mishnah and Talmud to the present, Judaism has required specialists or authorities for the practice of very few rituals or ceremonies.

* É. Nodet: A search for the origins of Judaism: from Joshua to the Mishnah.

The exact forms of what later came to be called Judaism during the times of Moses or during the eras of the Mishnah and Talmud cannot be known today, but Orthodox Jews believe that contemporary Orthodox Judaism maintains the same basic philosophy and legal framework that existed throughout Jewish history, whereas the other denominations depart from it.

Orthodox Judaism, as it exists today, is an outgrowth that claims to extend from the time of Moses, to the time of the Mishnah and Talmud, through the development of oral law and rabbinic literature, until the present time.

According to Orthodox Judaism, Jewish law today is based on the commandments in the Torah, as viewed through the discussions and debates contained in classical rabbinic literature, especially the Mishnah and the Talmud.

The Mishnah ( Hebrew: משנה ) is the basic compilation of the Oral law of Judaism ; it was compiled around 220 CE.

In Judaism the term " People of the Book " ( Hebrew: עם הספר, Am HaSefer ) was used to refer specifically to the Jewish people and the Torah, and to the Jewish people and the wider canon of written Jewish law ( including the Mishnah and the Talmud ).

By contrast, Rabbinical Judaism regards an Oral Law ( codified and recorded in the Mishnah and Talmuds ) as being equally binding on Jews, and mandated by God.

In addition to the Tanakh, there are two further textual traditions in Judaism: Mishnah ( tractates expounding on Jewish law ) and the Talmud ( commentary of Misneh and Torah ).

Most of the authorities quoted in the Mishnah lived after the destruction of the Temple in 70 CE ; it thus marks the beginning of the transition from Pharisaic to Rabbinic ( i. e. modern normative ) Judaism.

The Mishnah ( Kiddushin 3: 12 ) states that, to be a Jew, one must be either the child of a Jewish mother or a convert to Judaism.

Orthodox, Sephardim, a majority of Israeli Jews and other Jews, including many whom are not observant, reject critical Bible scholarship and the documentary hypothesis, holding to the opinion that it is contradicted by the Torah in Deuteronomy 31: 24, 25 and 26, and the Talmud ( Gittin 60a, Bava Basra 15b ), which state that Moses wrote the Torah, as well as by the Mishnah, which asserts the divine origin of the Torah as one of the essential tenets of Judaism.

Philosophical speculation was not a central part of Rabbinic Judaism, although some have seen the Mishnah as a philosophical work.

Rabbinic Judaism had limited philosophical activity until it was challenged by Islam, Karaism, and Christianity-with Tanach, Mishnah, and Talmud, there was no need for a philosophic framework.

Rather, Judaism is based on the Bible as understood through the classical works of rabbinic literature, such as the Mishnah and Talmud.

Renowned within Judaism as a sage and scholar, he was the founder of the House of Hillel school for Tannaïm ( Sages of the Mishnah ) and the founder of a dynasty of Sages who stood at the head of the Jews living in the land of Israel until roughly the fifth century of the Common Era.

Modern mainstream Judaism is based on a combination of the Hebrew Bible and Jewish oral law, which includes the Mishnah and Gemarrah ( together comprising the Talmud ) in addition to other rabbinic commentaries ; this oral law further specifies regulations for ritual purity, including obligations relating to excretory functions, meals, and waking.

The influence of Judaism upon Christian symbolism as early as the 2nd and 3rd centuries A. D., is apparent both in painting and in sculpture, the most frequent motives being those that occur in the Mishnah as formulas for prayer on fast-days.

The Chicago Metropolitan Area also includes adherents of Judaism, Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism, and the Bahá ' í, among others.

In 1988, the University of Chicago, backed by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, launched The Fundamentalism Project, devoted to researching fundamentalism in the worlds major religions, Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Hinduism, Buddhism and Confucianism.

Category: Jews and Judaism in Chicago, Illinois

* American Judaism, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1957

Category: Jews and Judaism in Chicago, Illinois

Category: Jews and Judaism in Chicago, Illinois

Category: Jews and Judaism in Chicago, Illinois

( Chicago studies in the history of Judaism ).

Reviewing MacDonald's A People That Shall Dwell Alone: Judaism as a Group Evolutionary Strategy in The Jewish Quarterly Review, Sander Gilman, professor of the Liberal Arts and Medicine at the University of Illinois in Chicago describes MacDonalds arguments about a Jewish group evolutionary strategy as " bizarre ".

Category: Jews and Judaism in Chicago, Illinois

Category: Jews and Judaism in Chicago, Illinois

Category: Jews and Judaism in Chicago, Illinois

Category: Jews and Judaism in Chicago, Illinois

" Homosexuality " in Judaism and Healing KTAV, 1981

Lynn Gottlieb became the first female rabbi in Jewish Renewal in 1981, and Tamara Kolton became the very first rabbi ( and therefore, since she was female, the first female rabbi ) in Humanistic Judaism in 1999.

In 1981 Gustafsson converted to Judaism.

Lynn Gottlieb became the first female rabbi in Jewish Renewal in 1981, and Tamara Kolton became the first female rabbi in Humanistic Judaism in 1999.

# The Bene Ephraim ( also called " Telugu Jews ") are a small group who speak Telugu ; their observance of Judaism dates to 1981.

The Bene Ephraim are a small group of Telugu-speaking Jews in eastern Andhra Pradesh whose recorded observance of Judaism, like that of the Bnei Menashe, is quite recent, dating only to 1981.

Since 1981, about fifty families around Kottareddipalem and Ongole ( capital of the nearby district of Prakasham ) have studied Judaism, learned Hebrew, and sought recognition from other Jewish communities around the world.