The Belgian Congo was granted its independence with what seemed a workable Western-style form of government: there were to be a president and a premier, and a bicameral legislature elected by universal suffrage in the provinces.

The Portuguese government granted operating rights for Block Zero to the Cabinda Gulf Oil Company, a subsidiary of ChevronTexaco, in 1955.

The Bakufu government granted the Matsumae clan exclusive rights to trade with the Ainu in the Northern part of the island.

According to its Memorandum & Articles of Association, its objectives are :- “ To act as Nominee or agent or attorney either solely or jointly with others, for any person or persons, partnership, company, corporation, government, state, organisation, sovereign, province, authority, or public body, or any group or association of them ....” Bank of England Nominees Limited was granted an exemption by Edmund Dell, Secretary of State for Trade, from the disclosure requirements under Section 27 ( 9 ) of the Companies Act 1976, because, “ it was considered undesirable that the disclosure requirements should apply to certain categories of shareholders .” The Bank of England is also protected by its Royal Charter status, and the Official Secrets Act.

On 6 May 1997, following the 1997 general election which brought a Labour government to power for the first time since 1979, it was announced by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Gordon Brown, that the Bank of England would be granted operational independence over monetary policy.

In most but not all modern states the constitution has supremacy over ordinary Statutory law ( see Uncodified constitution below ); in such states when an official act is unconstitutional, i. e. it is not a power granted to the government by the constitution, that act is null and void, and the nullification is ab initio, that is, from inception, not from the date of the finding.

Although a 1990 law authorizes private radio and television stations, the government has not granted any licenses as of March 1998.

The Song government granted several shops the sole right to issue banknotes, and in the early 12th century the government finally took over these shops to produce state-issued currency.

His government also presided over the decolonisation of a large part of the British Empire when India, Pakistan, Burma, Ceylon and Jordan were granted independence.

On 15 July 2008, the Committee that oversees the administration of the convention between meetings of all the Parties granted China and Japan permission to import elephant ivory from four African government stockpiles, the ivory being sold at a single auction in each country.

It is granted, with few exceptions ( namely in some Anabaptist churches ), that God has given the government of the Church into the hands of an ordained ministry.

This led the Ottoman government to agree to an arrangement whereby the different nahiyes ( districts ) of the Chouf would be granted in iltizam (" fiscal concession ") to one of the region's amirs, or leading chiefs, leaving the maintenance of law and order and the collection of its taxes in the area in the hands of the appointed amir.

The four known rejected requests were all from 2003, and all four were partially granted after being resubmitted for reconsideration by the government.

The Soviets withdrew from the ACC in 1948 ; subsequently as the other three zones were increasingly unified and granted self-government, the Soviet administration facilitated the development of a separate socialist government in its zone.

In 1913, United Fruit established the Tela Railroad Company and shortly thereafter a similar subsidiary, the Trujillo Railroad Company ; these two railroads managed the concessions which the Honduran government granted them.

The advisory and consultative role of the government of Ireland in the government of Northern Ireland granted by the United Kingdom, that had begun with the 1985 Anglo-Irish Agreement, was maintained.

De facto, the Palestinian government administers the parts of the West Bank that Israel has granted it authority over from Ramallah, while the Gaza Strip is administered from Gaza.

Madison objected to a specific bill of rights for several reasons: he thought it was unnecessary, since it purported to protect against powers that the federal government had not been granted ; that it was dangerous, since enumeration of some rights might be taken to imply the absence of other rights ; and that at the state level, bills of rights had proven to be useless paper barriers against government powers.

He also gained the freedom of Madame Adrienne Lafayette and issued her and her family American passports ( they had been granted citizenship by the US government for contributions during the Revolution.

That this Assembly doth explicitly and peremptorily declare, that it views the powers of the federal government as resulting from the compact to which the states are parties, as limited by the plain sense and intention of the instrument constituting that compact, as no further valid than they are authorized by the grants enumerated in that compact ; and that, in case of a deliberate, palpable, and dangerous exercise of other powers, not granted by the said compact, the states, who are parties thereto, have the right, and are in duty bound, to interpose, for arresting the progress of the evil, and for maintaining, within their respective limits, the authorities, rights and liberties, appertaining to them.

In the interim, while armed Lebanese forces under the Maronite-controlled government sparred with Palestinian fighters, Egyptian leader Gamal Abd al-Nasser helped to negotiate the 1969 " Cairo Agreement " between Arafat and the Lebanese government, which granted the PLO autonomy over Palestinian refugee camps and access routes to northern Israel in return for PLO recognition of Lebanese sovereignty.

General responsibility for its administration rested with a division of the colonial government concerned with labor supply and native affairs, Service des Affaires Indigenes et de la Main-d'Oeuvre ( AIMO, Af Direction, Af Direction Generale, Gouvernement Generale ).

In practice, the Articles were in use beginning in 1777 ; the final draft of the Articles served as the de facto system of government used by the Congress (" the United States in Congress assembled ") until it became de jure by final ratification on March 1, 1781 ; at which point Congress became the Congress of the Confederation.

On November 1, 2006, the Armenian government handed de facto control of the Iran-Armenia gas pipeline to Russian company Gazprom and increased Gazprom's stake in the Russian-Armenian company ArmRosGazprom from 45 % to 58 % by approving an additional issue of shares worth $ 119 million.

* 1833 – The Convention of 1833, a political gathering of settlers in Mexican Texas to help draft a series of petitions to the Mexican government, begins in San Felipe de Austin

After the failure of the co-emperor Michael IX to stem the Turkish advance in Asia Minor in 1302 and the disastrous Battle of Bapheus, the Byzantine government hired the Catalan Company of Almogavars ( adventurers from Aragon and Catalonia ) led by Roger de Flor to clear Byzantine Asia Minor of the enemy.

Though the U. S. federal government has no official language, English is the common language used by the federal government and is considered the de facto language of the United States because of its widespread use.

* Brazilian Naval Revolt ( 1893-1894 ): Were armed mutinies promoted mainly by Admirals Custodio de Mello and Saldanha da Gama and their fleet of Brazilian Navy ships against unconstitucional staying in power of the central government in Rio de Janeiro.

The parade passes down the Champs-Élysées from the Arc de Triomphe to the Place de la Concorde, where the President of the French Republic, his government and foreign ambassadors to France stand.

The Egyptian identification card controversy began in the 1990s when the government modernized the electronic processing of identity documents, which introduced a de facto requirement that documents must list the person's religion as Muslim, Christian, or Jewish ( the only three religions officially recognized by the government ).

It also recommended that the governors-general, the representatives of the King who acted for the Crown as de facto head of state in each dominion, should no longer also serve automatically as the representative of the British government in diplomatic relations between the countries.

Bribes to government officials are considered de rigueur and tax evasion is common ; this is seen in many parts of Africa, for instance.

As of September 2011, the government is attempting to form what is called the Forces Armées Nationales de Côte d ' Ivoire ( FANCI ), which aims to merge 5, 000 former rebels of the FRCI with 30, 000 veterans of the former regular army ( Forces de défense et de sécurité-FDS ).

In June 2003, the government liquidated the state-owned and heavily indebted National Telecommunications Company ( Empresa Nacional de Telecomunicaciones — Telecom ) and replaced it with Colombia Telecomunicaciones ( Colombia Telecom ).

John de Courcy Ireland, and his wife Beatrice, aiming to campaign for the Irish government to support international efforts to achieve nuclear disarmament and to keep Ireland free of nuclear power.

* Henrietta, Triela, Rico, Claes, Angelica, Elsa de Sica, and Elizaveta from Gunslinger Girl are adolescent girls who are made into cyborg assassins to fight for the government.

The term Commonwealth is, however, loosely used to describe the system of government during the whole of 1649 to 1660, when England was de facto, and arguably de jure, a republic ( or, to monarchists, under the English Interregnum ).

By August 1954 Malenkov's role as de facto head of government was over ; Nikolai Bulganin began signing Council of Ministers decrees ( a right beholden to the Chairman ) and the Presidium gave in to Khrushchev's wishes to replace Malenkov.

The proclamation, which established an appointed colonial government, was the de facto constitution of Quebec until 1774, when the British parliament passed the Quebec Act, which expanded the province's boundaries to the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, which was one of the grievances listed in the United States Declaration of Independence.

Naka no Ōe held the rank of crown prince and was the de facto leader of the government.

This situation persisted until the Convention, elected by universal male suffrage and charged with writing a new constitution, met on 20 September 1792 and became the new de facto government of France.

The company was incorporated by English royal charter in 1670 as The Governor and Company of Adventurers of England trading into Hudson's Bay and functioned as the de facto government in parts of North America before European states and later the United States laid claim to those territories.

Following the 2009 ouster of the president, the Honduran military together with other government security forces were allegedly responsible for thousands of allegedly arbitrary detentions and for several forced disappearances and extrajudicial executions of opponents to the de facto government, including members of the Democratic Unification Party.

Though " president " and various monarchic titles are most commonly used for heads of state, in some nationalistic regimes ( usually republics ), the leader adopts, formally or de facto, a unique style simply meaning " leader " in the national language, such as Nazi Germany's single party chief and head of state and government, Adolf Hitler Führer ( see that article for equivalents ).

This situation persisted until a National Convention, charged with writing a new constitution, met on 20 September 1792 and became the new de facto government of France.

The Committee of Public Safety, set up by the National Convention on 6 April 1793, formed the twelve-member de facto executive government of France.

In Jajce, a 67-member " presidency " was elected and established a nine-member National Committee of Liberation ( five communist members ) as a de facto provisional government.

As a result of the collapse of the Gaddafi government in August 2011 due to the Libyan civil war, Libya is under de facto administration of the National Transitional Council ( NTC ).

For the foreign relations of the current de facto Libyan government, see Foreign relations of Libya.

The collapse of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ended transfer payments from the central government and eliminated advantages from inclusion in a de facto free trade area.

On 11 November, the Malaysian government briefly detained de facto opposition leader Anwar Ibrahim on Tuesday and arrested a human rights lawyer and about a dozen opposition leaders, amid growing complaints the government is cracking down on dissent.