Moreover, whereas in Interstate Commerce Commission parlance `` variable cost '' means a cost deemed to vary in direct proportion to changes in rate of output, in the type of analysis now under review `` variable cost '' has been used more broadly, so as to cover costs which, while a function of some one variable ( such as output of energy, or number of customers ), are not necessarily a linear function.

It had feature limitations such as being unable to output more than one channel of sound, ( and provided fewer Envelope-shaping options ) where the BBC was capable of three-way polyphony ( plus one noise channel ) and the inability to provide teletext mode.

With LAFTA in place existing productive capacity could be used more fully to supply regional needs, industries could reduce costs as a result of potential economies through expanded output and regional specialization, and attraction to new investment occurred as a result of the regional market area.

It is at least 110 times visually more luminous than the Sun, but this underestimates its strength as much of the " light " it gives off is in the infrared ; total ( bolometric ) power output is about 180 times that of the Sun.

RF amplifiers are often specified in terms of the maximum power gain obtainable, while the voltage gain of audio amplifiers and instrumentation amplifiers will be more often specified ( since the amplifier's input impedance will often be much higher than the source impedance, and the load impedance higher than the amplifier's output impedance ).

When the signal drive to the amplifier is increased, the output also increases until a point is reached where some part of the amplifier becomes saturated and cannot produce any more output ; this is called clipping, and results in distortion.

Small could mean less than 3 dB below ( i. e., power output < 1 / 2 or voltage output < 0. 707 of ) the maximum value, or more rarely 10 dB below, or it could mean below a certain absolute value.

Lara scored 688 runs ( 42 % of team output, a record for a series of three or more Tests, and the second highest aggregate runs in history for a three-Test series ) in the 2001 – 02 tour of Sri Lanka.

A more abstract definition, which is equivalent but more easily generalized to infinite-dimensional spaces, is to say that bras are linear functionals on kets, i. e. operators that input a ket and output a complex number.

The increased population-density encouraged by farming and the increased output of food per unit of land created conditions that seem more suitable for city-like activities.

Increasing returns to scale occurs when " doubling all inputs more than doubles the output an activity has economies of scale if doubling output less than doubles cost ".

A self-maintaining CNO chain starts occurring at approximately, but its energy output rises much more rapidly with increasing temperatures.

After finite time the first n bits of the output will never change any more ( it does not matter that this time itself is not computable by a halting program ).

This occurs because internal combustion engines are heat engines, and higher efficiency is created because higher compression ratios permit the same combustion temperature to be reached with less fuel, while giving a longer expansion cycle, creating more mechanical power output and lowering the exhaust temperature.

( t ) he use of two channels, one transmitting the predominating color ( signal T ), and the other the mean brilliance ( signal t ) output from a single television transmitter to be received not only by color television receivers provided with the necessary more expensive equipment, but also by the ordinary type of television receiver which is more numerous and less expensive and which reproduces the pictures in black and white only.

When one or more output variables of a system need to follow a certain reference over time, a controller manipulates the inputs to a system to obtain the desired effect on the output of the system.

This is called a single-input-single-output ( SISO ) control system ; MIMO ( i. e., Multi-Input-Multi-Output ) systems, with more than one input / output, are common.

Some engines also use cast iron crankshafts for low output versions while the more expensive high output version use forged steel.

Total farm output for this year is officially forecast at 129% of the 1947-49 average, three points higher than the July 1 estimate and exactly equal to the final figure for 1960.

In actuality, for most cases the running time is far larger than the output ; see below.

The lower output in visible light is due to a lower efficacy as the star has a lower surface temperature than the Sun.

For these amplifiers, the 1 dB compression point is defined as the input power ( or output power ) where the gain is 1 dB less than the small signal gain.

Maximum power output from a Bluetooth radio is 100 mW, 2. 5 mW, and 1 mW for Class 1, Class 2, and Class 3 devices respectively, which puts Class 1 at a lower level than mobile phones, and the other two classes much lower.

During that same period, the economy grew by 3 % a year, and by 1951 the United Kingdom had " the best economic performance in Europe, while output per person was increasing faster than in the United States.

But the output of the stenotype is a phonetic code that has to be transcribed later ( usually by the same operator who produced the original output ), rather than arbitrary text.

This was primarily caused by their higher heat output than other x86 CPUs of the day and, as such, computer builders sometimes did not equip them with adequate cooling.

They could sell this to users where graphical output or realtime operation would be more important than outright performance.

Much faster than the PDP-9 even in basic form, the PDP-15 also included a floating point unit and a separate input / output processor for further performance gains.

The two recent conflicts ( the First and Second Congo Wars ), which began in 1996, have dramatically reduced national output and government revenue, have increased external debt, and have resulted in deaths of more than five million people from war, and associated famine and disease.

With the rise and official sanction of socialist realism in 1934, Vertov was forced to cut his personal artistic output significantly, eventually becoming little more than an editor for Soviet newsreels.

More total output and utility thereby results from specializing in production and trading than if each country produced its own high-tech and low-tech products.

To quantitatively classify useful lifetime in a standardized manner it has been suggested to use the terms L70 and L50, which is the time it will take a given LED to reach 70 % and 50 % light output respectively.

The main provision of this new piece of legislation was that in the 650 major companies that accounted for 70 % of West Germany ’ s output, employee representation on the supervisory boards rose from one-third to one-half.

Some models go as high as 70 GHz with a direct coaxial output, and up to hundreds of GHz when used with external waveguide source modules.

RAM with an access time of 70 ns will output valid data within 70 ns from the time that the address lines are valid.

At the end of the 1960s, Vee Beetle engine output on a single carburetor would reach up to 70 BHP ; top speeds would gradually rise to nearly.

Undamped, low-end dishwashers generally output noise levels of anywhere from 65 – 70 decibels.

The crisis underlined a basic flaw in Peru's economy as pointed out by The Economist, which noted that " some 70 % of output falls within the grey or informal " economy, and thus escapes tax.

Typically, a 16 bit analog-to-digital converter may have a dynamic range of between 90 to 95 dB ( Metzler 2005: 132 ), whereas the signal-to-noise ratio ( roughly the equivalent of dynamic range, noting the absence of quantization noise but presence of tape hiss ) of a professional reel-to-reel 1 / 4 inch tape recorder would be between 60 and 70 dB at the recorder's rated output ( Metzler 2005: 111 ).

A unipolar motor has twice the amount of wire in the same space, but only half used at any point in time, hence is 50 % efficient ( or approximately 70 % of the torque output available ).

the largest producer of DVD players is China ; in 2002 they produced 30 million players, more than 70 % of the world output.

It is propelled from 0 to 60 mph ( 0 to 100 km / h ) in six seconds via two 36 horsepower ( 27 kW ) ( continuous output ) DC motors applying a combined total of 95 Nm ( 70 ft · lbf ) of torque.

The Rock Island Hydro Project generated 1, 900 gigawatt-hours of electricity in 2001 — 70 % of its 2000 output.

A human will output from around 70 Watts to 870 Watts, depending on the amount of physical activity undertaken.

As measured in phosphorus, the waste output of 5, 000 cows roughly equals a municipality of 70, 000 people.

Initially 20 % of Akosombo Dam's electric output ( serving 70 % of national demand ) was provided to Ghanaians in the form of electricity, the remaining 80 % was generated for the American-owned Volta Aluminium Company ( VALCO ).

The stroke of remained the same as that of the existing 2, 112 cc diesel motor, but for the larger engine the bore was increased to, giving an overall 2, 304 cc along with an increase in claimed power output from to 70 bhp.

This daily output increases until, at about 70 days into the lactation, production peaks.

By 1988, plans had been laid for shared South Asian programmes across the Midlands, on the AM frequencies of Radio Leicester and BBC WM, and on 30 October 1988 The Asian Network was launched on BBC WM and BBC Radio Leicester with a combined output of 70 hours per week.

It can produce over a megawatt of output for up to 70 seconds, making it the most powerful continuous wave ( CW ) laser in the US.

In 2012 about 70 percent of the factory ’ s output was civilian rifles, up from 50 percent in 2010.

Research in the School focuses on media ethics, international human rights, peace journalism, the coverage of US / UK warfare, the diasporic media and literary journalism, with 70 % of the research output assessed in 2008 as ' internationally excellent ' or ' world leading '.

A high-end, networkable printer, the LaserJet 2000 offered a duty cycle of 70, 000 pages per month and the standard 300-dpi output, initially priced at $ 19, 995.

A Turbo Technics turbocharger increased the engine's power output from the standard 70 bhp to 105 bhp.