Hippolytus of Rome ( d. 235 ) is commonly considered to be the earliest antipope, as he headed a separate group within the Church in Rome against Pope Callixtus I. Hippolytus was reconciled to Callixtus's second successor, Pope Pontian, and both he and Pontian are honoured as saints by the Roman Catholic Church with a shared feast day on 13 August.

It remained for his successor, Henry V to agree with Pope Calixtus II in 1122 to a compromise of the conflict over lay investitures known as the Concordat of Worms.

The most recent Coptic Orthodox Pope of Alexandria and the Patriarch of All Africa on the Holy See of Saint Mark was Pope Shenouda III, who died on March 17, 2012, for whom a successor has not yet been chosen.

Pope Gregory XI's return to Rome in 1377, followed by his death and the controversial election of his successor, Pope Urban VI, resulted in the defection of a number of cardinals and the election of a rival pope based at Avignon in 1378.

Justus became Archbishop of Canterbury in 624, receiving his pallium — the symbol of the jurisdiction entrusted to archbishops — from Pope Boniface V, following which Justus consecrated Romanus as his successor at Rochester.

Liutprand's successor Aistulf conquered Ravenna for the Lombards for the first time, but was subsequently defeated by the king of the Franks Pippin III, called by the Pope, and had to leave it.

Zachary's successor, Pope Stephen II, confirmed and anointed Pepin the Short, in 754 beginning the Carolingian monarchy.

In 1513, Pope Julius II died and his successor Pope Leo X, of the Medici family, commissioned Michelangelo to reconstruct the façade of the Basilica of San Lorenzo in Florence and to adorn it with sculptures.

Joseph Ratzinger, then a member of the faculty at the University of Tübingen but later a much more conservative figure as the head of the successor to the Holy Office, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, and later still Pope Benedict XVI.

Pope Celestine III proclaimed a crusade against the Baltic heathens in 1195, which was reiterated by Pope Innocent III and a crusading expedition led by Meinhard's successor, Bishop Berthold of Hanover, landed in Livonia ( part of present-day Latvia, surrounding the Gulf of Riga ) in 1198.

In the Catholic Church, the Pope is regarded as the successor of Saint Peter, the Apostle.

The ambassador of Louis XIV of France ( 1643 – 1715 ) succeeded in procuring his election on 6 October 1689, as successor to Pope Innocent XI ( 1676 – 89 ); nevertheless, after months of negotiation Alexander VIII finally condemned the declaration made in 1682 by the French clergy concerning the liberties of the Gallican church.

On 7 September 1159, he was chosen the successor of Pope Adrian IV.

It is notable that decisions of Pope Alexander III, his successor, Pope Lucius III, and King Henry VIII in proclaiming the Crown of Ireland Act 1542 were predicated on this document.

One of John XXI's few acts during his brief reign was the reversal of a decree recently passed at the Second Council of Lyon ( 1274 ) that not only confined cardinals in solitude until they elected a successor Pope, but also progressively restricted their supplies of food and wine if their deliberations took too long.

It was left to his successor, Pope Gregory IX, to insist upon their accomplishment.

He returned to France as a legate for Urban IV and also for his successor Pope Clement IV in 1264 – 1269 and again in 1274 – 1279 under Pope Gregory X.

During the violent confrontations between Henry V and Paschal II's successor, Pope Gelasius II, the Pope was forced to flee from Rome, first to Gaeta, where he was crowned, then to the Abbey of Cluny, where he died on 29 January 1119.

Urban II died on 29 July 1099, fourteen days after the fall of Jerusalem to the Crusaders, but before news of the event had reached Italy ; his successor was Pope Paschal II.

Sergius I owed his election as Pope Conon's successor to skillful intrigues against Antipope Paschal and Antipope Theodore, the other candidates.

He also was clearly favoured by Paschal ’ s successor, Pope Eugene II, to the point where rumours were circulated that Valentine was really the son of Eugene.

Leo died in 816, and his successor, Stephen IV, died the following January ; the new pope, Paschal I confirmed Coenwulf's privileges but this did not end the dispute.

Calls for reinforcements from the newly established Kingdom of Jerusalem, and Pope Paschal II, successor to Pope Urban II ( who died before learning of the outcome of the crusade that he had called ), urged a new expedition.

He was named successor to Antipope Paschal III by a small number of schismatic cardinals.

As far back as the eleventh century, Ralph, Archbishop of Tours had his lover installed as Bishop of Orléans, yet neither Pope Urban II, nor his successor Paschal II took action to depose either man.

In 1164, a small number of cardinals who had elected Victor IV met again to vote Paschal III as his successor.

However, there is no evidence that his son and ultimate successor, Constantius II, who was an Arian Christian, was exiled.

* 1945 – World War II – Fuehrerbunker: Adolf Hitler marries his longtime partner Eva Braun in a Berlin bunker and designates Admiral Karl Dönitz as his successor.

When the Gothic campaign ended in Roman victory at the Battle of Naissus in September, Gallienus ' successor Claudius II Gothicus turned north to deal with the Alemanni, who were swarming over all Italy north of the Po River.

Thus in 565 or 566 Justinian's successor Justin II sent his son-in-law Baduarius as magister militum ( field commander ) to lead a Byzantine army against Alboin in support of Cunimund, ending in the Lombards ' complete defeat.

According to a controversial tradition reported by several medieval sources, Narses, out of spite for having been removed by Justinian's successor Justin II, called the Lombards to Italy.

On 2 May 373, having consecrated Peter II, one of his presbyters as his successor, Athanasius died quietly in his house.

His successor, Frederick II Irontooth, established Berlin as capital of the margraviate, and subsequent members of the Hohenzollern family ruled until 1918 in Berlin, first as electors of Brandenburg, then as kings of Prussia, and eventually as German emperors.

Beyazıt ) was the oldest son and successor of Mehmed II, ruling as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1481 to 1512.

When Chilperic II died the following year ( 720 ), Charles appointed as his successor the son of Dagobert III, Theuderic IV, who was still a minor, and who occupied the throne from 720 to 737.

He had designated his nephew, Frederick von Staufen duke of Swabia, also known as Frederick II, Duke of Swabia as his successor.

Cuauhtémoc took power in 1520 as successor of Cuitláhuac and was a cousin of the former emperor Moctezuma II, and his young wife, who would later be known as Isabel Moctezuma, was one of Moctezuma's daughters.

During the Jewish-Roman wars, he was likely taken under the care of his uncle Titus Flavius Sabinus II, at the time serving as city prefect of Rome ; or possibly even Marcus Cocceius Nerva, a loyal friend of the Flavians and the future successor to Domitian.

Exiled from the court of the Spanish Emperor Alfonso VI of León and Castile, El Cid went on to command a Moorish force consisting of Muladis, Berbers, Arabs and Malians, under Yusuf al-Mu ' taman ibn Hud, Moorish king of the northeast Al-Andalus city of Zaragoza, and his successor, Al-Mustein II.

In 1081, El Cid, went on to offer his services to the Moorish king of the northeast Al-Andalus city of Zaragoza, Yusuf al-Mu ' taman ibn Hud, and served both him and his successor, Al-Mustain II.

The empire came to an end in 1889, with the overthrow of Emperor D. Pedro II ( D. Pedro I's son and successor ), when the Brazilian republic was proclaimed.

Frederick the Peaceful KG ( September 21, 1415 – August 19, 1493 ) was Duke of Austria as Frederick V from 1424, the successor of Albert II as German King as Frederick IV from 1440, and Holy Roman Emperor as Frederick III from 1452.

According to some historians, he was the leader of the army who won the great Battle of Naissus, while the majority believes that the victory must be attributed to his successor Claudius II.

This was to prove a difficulty for his successor Philip II of Spain.

In the reign of Philip's developmentally disabled son and successor Charles II ( 1665 – 1700 ), Spain was essentially left leaderless and was gradually being reduced to a second-rank power.

Henry's successor, Richard I " the Lion Heart " ( also known as " The absent king "), was preoccupied with foreign wars, taking part in the Third Crusade and defending his French territories against Philip II of France.

The period between the accession of his successor Máel Coluim I ( Malcolm I ) and Máel Coluim mac Cináeda ( Malcolm II ) was marked by good relations with the Wessex rulers of England, intense internal dynastic disunity and relatively successful expansionary policies.

John Lackland, Richard's successor, refused to come to the French court for a trial against the Lusignans and, as Louis VI had done often to his rebellious vassals, Philip II confiscated John's possessions in France.

This he refused, but his successor, King Vladislaus II, favored the Roman Catholics and proceeded against some zealous clergymen of the Calixtines.

* 1586 – Mary, Queen of Scots, recognizes Philip II of Spain as her heir and successor.