** Microevolution: species — speciation — adaptation — selection — natural selection — directional selection — sexual selection — genetic drift — sexual reproduction — asexual reproduction — colony — allele frequency — neutral theory of molecular evolution — population genetics — Hardy-Weinberg principle

When significant evolutionary change occurs, the theory proposes that it is generally restricted to rare and geologically rapid events of branching speciation called cladogenesis.

Their paper built upon Ernst Mayr's theory of geographic speciation, I. Michael Lerner's theories of developmental and genetic homeostasis, as well as their own empirical research.

When Eldredge and Gould published their 1972 paper, allopatric speciation was considered the " standard " theory of speciation.

To this end, Gould later commented that " Most of our paleontological colleagues missed this insight because they had not studied evolutionary theory and either did not know about allopatric speciation or had not considered its translation to geological time.

Sewall Wright was the first to attach this significance to random drift and small, newly isolated populations with his shifting balance theory of speciation.

* 1986-Jürgen Haffer combines allopatry, parapatry, refugia and superspecies in a holistic theory explaining speciation.

Hubbell calls this simplified model for speciation a point mutation, using the terminology of the Neutral theory of molecular evolution.

Classic proponents of orthogenesis have rejected the theory of natural selection as the organising mechanism in evolution, and theories of speciation for a rectilinear model of guided evolution acting on discrete species with " essences ".

In his popularizing book Nedstamningslæren ( The theory of decendence ; 1915 ), he reviewed the direct and indirect evidence for common decent of living organisms and for Darwinian natural selection as a process involved in speciation.

The theory assumes that speciation rates are constant with area, and a lower extinction rate coupled with higher speciation leads to more species.

Social invention did not have to await social theory any more than use of the warmth of a fire had to await Lavoisier or the buoyant protection of a boat the formulations of Archimedes.

And it is clearly argued by Lord Percy of Newcastle, in his remarkable long essay, The Heresy Of Democracy, and in a more general way by Voegelin, in his New Science Of Politics, that this same Rousseauan idea, descending through European democracy, is the source of Marx's theory of the dictatorship of the proletariat.

Analogously, anyone who argues that Einstein's theory of gravitation is simpler than Newton's, must say rather more to explain how it is that the latter is mastered by student-physicists, while the former can be managed ( with difficulty ) only by accomplished experts.

Now Welch had a pet theory that everyone is guilty of breaking more laws than he ever gets caught at.

But it would seem more intended as a tract advocating the prosodic theory than a paper directed to the specific problems of Igbo phonology.

What with traders trading for so many different objectives, and what with there being so many unique and individualized market theories and trading techniques in use, and more coming into use all the time, it is hard to imagine how any particular theory or technique could acquire enough `` fans '' to invalidate itself.

Social theory has no more right to expect results from meaningless questions, than physics has the right to expect a theological solution to the wave-particle controversy.

-- The theory of elasticity of Gaussian networks has been developed on a more general basis and the equations of state relating variables of pressure, volume, temperature, stress and strain have been precisely formulated.

Which theory is more fantastic: 1.

Thus, while altruistic persons may under some circumstances be outcompeted by less altruistic persons at the individual level, according to group selection theory the opposite may occur at the group level where groups consisting of the more altruistic persons may outcompete groups consisting of the less altruistic persons.

For example, in some groups, the group operation is commutative, and this can be asserted with the introduction of an additional axiom, but without this axiom we can do quite well developing ( the more general ) group theory, and we can even take its negation as an axiom for the study of non-commutative groups.

Nevertheless, the Saturnian model turned out to have more in common with modern theory than any of its contemporaries.

The more ambitious theory of Wilhelm Nitsche, which assigned to Anaximenes a larger part of the Demosthenic corpus ( speeches 10-13 and 25, letters 1-4, proems ), can be rejected.

However, more vital propositions, such as Hume's argument for the role of habit in a theory of knowledge, are retained.

One of the more dramatic successes of his theory was his prediction of the existence of secondary and tertiary alcohols, a conjecture that was soon confirmed by the synthesis of these substances.

Then, following the programme he outlined in his talk at the 1958 International Congress of Mathematicians, he introduced the theory of schemes, developing it in detail in his Éléments de géométrie algébrique ( EGA ) and providing the new more flexible and general foundations for algebraic geometry that has been adopted in the field since that time.

He also provided an algebraic definition of fundamental groups of schemes and more generally the main structures of a categorical Galois theory.

La Longue Marche à travers la théorie de Galois Long March Through Galois Theory is an approximately 1600-page handwritten manuscript produced by Grothendieck during the years 1980 – 1981, containing many of the ideas leading to the Esquisse d ' un programme ( see below, and also a more detailed entry ), and in particular studying the Teichmüller theory.

An early theory, suggested by Swiss theologian Jean LeClerc in the 17th century, posits that the longer Western version was a first draft, while the Alexandrian version represents a more polished revision by the same author.

On a more abstract level, model theoretic arguments hold that a given set of symbols in a theory can be mapped onto any number of sets of real-world objects — each set being a " model " of the theory — providing the interrelationships between the objects are the same.

The term anthem means either a specific form of Anglican church music ( in music theory and religious contexts ), or more generally, a song ( or composition ) of celebration, usually acting as a symbol for a distinct group of people, as in the term " national anthem " or " sports anthem ".

Professional mathematicians sometimes use the term ( higher ) arithmetic when referring to more advanced results related to number theory, but this should not be confused with elementary arithmetic.

Puhvel supported the “ Hand and the Child ” theory through such motifs as “ the more powerful giant mother, the mysterious light in the cave, the melting of the sword in blood, the phenomenon of battle rage, swimming prowess, combat with water monsters, underwater adventures, and the bear-hug style of wrestling .”

John Miles Foley held, specifically with reference to the Beowulf debate, that while comparative work was both necessary and valid, it must be conducted with a view to the particularities of a given tradition ; Foley argued with a view to developments of oral traditional theory that do not assume, or depend upon, finally unverifiable assumptions about composition, and that discard the oral / literate dichotomy focused on composition in favor of a more fluid continuum of traditionality and textuality.

Using terms from formal language theory, the precise mathematical definition of this concept is as follows: Let S and T be two finite sets, called the source and target alphabets, respectively.

It is also known as first-order predicate calculus, the lower predicate calculus, quantification theory, and predicate logic ( a less precise term ).

Although it is now recognized that precise determination of cohesion is impossible because is not a fundamental soil property, the Mohr-Coulomb theory is still used in practice today.

Searle insists that " it is a condition of the adequacy of a precise theory of an indeterminate phenomenon that it should precisely characterize that phenomenon as indeterminate ; and a distinction is no less a distinction for allowing for a family of related, marginal, diverging cases.

* The theory, while correct in as far as it goes, is not sufficiently detailed to support the precise calculations required for engineering.

The first modern and more precise definition of a vector space was introduced by Peano in 1888 ; by 1900, a theory of linear transformations of finite-dimensional vector spaces had emerged.

Marxist film theory has developed from these precise and historical beginnings and is now sometimes viewed in a wider way to refer to any power relationships or structures within a moving image text.

In the second edition of his book on number theory ( 1808 ) he then made a more precise conjecture, with A = 1 and B = − 1. 08366.

The discovery of asymptotic freedom in the strong interactions by David Gross, David Politzer and Frank Wilczek allowed physicists to make precise predictions of the results of many high energy experiments using the quantum field theory technique of perturbation theory.

The term does not yet have a well-established, precise meaning, but systems theory can reasonably be considered a specialization of systems thinking, a generalization of systems science, a systems approach.

In theory, the precise acceleration would vary, and the measurement would have to be recalibrated against the local value ; in weightless conditions, this kind of measurement would not be possible.

The definition of a universal property uses the language of category theory to make this notion precise and to study it abstractly.

Maher made Good's argument more precise by using Carnap's theory of induction to formalize the notion that if there is one raven, then it is likely that there are many.

Specifically, the theory yields precise quantitative predictions for the mixture of these elements, that is, the primordial abundances.

Knaster's and Kuratowski's brought a comprehensive and precise study on connected components theory.

The most precise value of α obtained experimentally through the present is based on a new measurement of g using a one-electron so-called " quantum cyclotron " apparatus, together with a calculation via the theory of QED that involved 891 four-loop Feynman diagrams:

This is rather vague, though suggestive, and can be made precise in the language of category theory: a construction is most efficient if it satisfies a universal property, and is formulaic if it defines a functor.

A precise formulation of local realism in terms of a local hidden variable theory was proposed by John Bell.

More precise theory shows that during the action of the laser field, the time-averaged effective potential of H < sub > 2 </ sup >< sup >+</ sup > is formed which binds the electron even if very strong electromagnetic field is present in similarity to the hydrogen molecule ion and prevents ionization.

It was the development of computability theory ( also known as recursion theory ) that provided a precise explication of the intutitive notion of algorithmic computability, thus making the notion of recursive enumerability perfectly rigorous.

In addition to his contribution in establishing the lateralized function of the brain, Sperry is also noted for his chemo affinity theory, which has been not only influential in formation of testable hypotheses in how precise neuronal wiring diagram is established in the brain, but the hypothesis itself has been verified by numerous experiments.