Historically, most arch spans had solid spandrels, meaning that the areas between arches were completely filled in — usually with masonry — until the advent of steel and reinforced concrete in the 19th and 20th centuries.

Historically, distances were measured using a variety of means, such as with chains having links of a known length, for instance a Gunter's chain, or measuring tapes made of steel or invar.

Historically linked to the centuries-old Krupp family iron works, Essen has been one of Germany's most important coal and steel centres until the 1970s and attracted workers from all over the country ; it was the 5th-largest city in Germany between 1929 and 1988, peaking at over 730, 000 inhabitants in 1962.

Historically, copper was often used for fireboxes ( particularly for steam locomotives ), because of its better formability and higher thermal conductivity ; however, in more recent times, the high price of copper often makes this an uneconomic choice and cheaper substitutes ( such as steel ) are used instead.

Historically most brigs were made of wood, although some latter brigs were built with hulls and masts of steel or iron ( such as the brig Bob Allen ).

Historically, this was the standard form in which manganese was traded and used in steel making.

Historically a part of Cumberland, the area around Workington has long been a producer of coal, steel and high-grade iron ore.

Historically a part of Cumberland, the area around Workington has long been a producer of coal, steel and high grade iron ore.

Historically, some anvils have been made with a smooth top working face of hardened steel welded to a cast iron or wrought iron body, though this manufacturing method is no longer in use.

Historically, March ( up to 1981 ), Ralt ( up to the early 1990s ) and Reynard ( 1985 – 1992 ) had been the main chassis manufacturers in two-litre F3, with Martini fairly strong in France ; Reynard pioneered use of carbon fibre in the mid-1980s replacing traditional aluminium or steel monocoque structures.

Historically, the only public land entrance to the bush was through Lion's Park, however, this changed in 2002 when the local municipality built a steel footbridge from the east banks of the Nith to the west banks located in the bush itself.

Historically, piles were wood, later steel, reinforced concrete, and pre-tensioned concrete.

Historically, the pre-nationalisation railway companies were almost entirely self-sufficient, including, for example, the production of the steel used in the manufacturing of rolling stock and rails.

Historically the Bessemer process was a major advancement in the production of economical steel, but it has now been entirely replaced by other processes such as the basic oxygen furnace.

Historically some used the radius of curvature ( D0-D200 ) but this is out of favour now because it is clear that the steel loading plate of 300mm diameter affects the shape of the deflection bowl between the centre ( D0 ) and the D200 sensor at 200mm.

Historically, the family has been well known for their socio-economic and cultural contributions to the country, such as the pioneering of Manila's first rail system in the 20th century, establishing the oldest existing financial institution in Southeast Asia, as well as the construction of the first steel bridges in the Philippines.

Historically, Jamaica has had close ties with the UK, but trade, financial, and cultural relations with the United States are now predominant.

Historically, Muslim rulers have often remarried the wives of their conquered opponents in order to gain ties of kinship with their new subjects.

Historically, ties with India have been close.

Historically, cultural ties with Spain have been strong ; a variant of Andalusian Spanish, " Llanito ", being the vernacular language of the territory.

Historically, Canadians who advocated a closer relationship with the U. S., especially closer economic ties, were portrayed by critics as encouraging political annexation by the United States.

Historically first and conceptually simplest is degree centrality, which is defined as the number of links incident upon a node ( i. e., the number of ties that a node has ).

Historically, Eastern California has had strong ties to Nevada, with the exact boundary between the two states in some dispute.

Historically Arroyos has close ties to the larger and more prosperous Tobati, approx.

Historically, others have titled their appellate court a court of errors ( or court of errors and appeals ), on the premise that it was intended to correct errors made by lower courts.

Historically abscesses as well as boils and many other collections of pus have been treated via application of magnesium sulfate ( Epsom salt ) paste.

Historically, the size of farms and landed estates in the United Kingdom was usually expressed in acres ( or acres, roods, and perches ), even if the number of acres was so large that it might conveniently have been expressed in square miles.

Historically, many scholars have followed the Adoptionists ' Carolingian opponents in labeling Spanish Adoptionism as a minor revival of “ Nestorian ” Christology.

Historically, Latin or Romance languages have been the official languages in this region.

Historically, materials used in bicycles have followed a similar pattern as in aircraft, the goal being high strength and low weight.

Historically, the types and features of buses have developed according to local needs.

Historically, directors ' duties have been owed almost exclusively to the company and its members, and the board was expected to exercise its powers for the financial benefit of the company.

Historically, these claims — alongside those of well poisoning and host desecration — have been a major theme in European persecution of Jews.

Historically, the remedy for such violations have been petitions for common law writs, such as quo warranto.

Historically, memory has been called core, main memory, real storage or internal memory while storage devices have been referred to as secondary storage, external memory or auxiliary / peripheral storage.

Historically, bank reserves have formed only a small fraction of deposits, a system called fractional reserve banking.

Historically, some women have cross-dressed to take up male-dominated or male-exclusive professions, such as military service.

Historically, most states where the official religion is Buddhism have imposed capital punishment for some offenses.

Historically, different nations or regions of the world have gone through their own independent sequence of movements in culture, but as world communications have accelerated this geographical distinction has become less distinct.

Historically the British have been the dominant force, winning 14 times out of the 20 times the event has been held.

Historically, the international community would have targeted weak states for territorial absorption or colonial domination or, alternatively, such states would fragment into pieces small enough to be effectively administered and secured by a local power.

Historically, call centres have been built on PBX equipment that is owned and hosted by the call centre operator.

Historically, Jews have considered it of central importance: traditionally, children began their study of the Torah with Leviticus, and the midrashic literature on Leviticus is among the longest and most detailed of midrashic literature ( see Bamberger 1981: 737 ).

Historically, a great number of coinage metals ( including alloys ) and other materials ( e. g. Porcelain ) have been used practically, artistically, and experimentally in the production of coins for circulation, collection, and metal investment, where bullion coins often serve as more convenient stores of assured metal quantity and purity than other bullion.

Historically, Cervantes's work has been said to have “ smiled Spain ’ s chivalry away ”, suggesting that Don Quixote as a chivalric satire contributed to the demise of Spanish Chivalry.

Historically, lawyers in most European countries were addressed with the title of doctor, and countries outside of Europe have generally followed the practice of the European country which had policy influence through modernization or colonialization.

Historically, The Netherlands have their own specific academic degree nomenclature, but for many years now have recognised and implemented the Bologna declaration.