Historically, a great number of coinage metals ( including alloys ) and other materials ( e. g. Porcelain ) have been used practically, artistically, and experimentally in the production of coins for circulation, collection, and metal investment, where bullion coins often serve as more convenient stores of assured metal quantity and purity than other bullion.

Historically Scotland and England had separate coinage ; the last Scottish coins were struck in 1709 shortly after union with England.

Historically, seigniorage was the profit resulting from producing coins.

Historically, £ 1 worth of silver coins were a troy pound in weight ; as of April 2011 this amount of silver is worth approximately £ 300 sterling.

Historically, coins had a certain amount of weight of alloy, with the purity a local standard.

Historically, banks sought to ensure that they could always pay customers in coins when they presented banknotes for payment.

Historically, Greenland under the colonial administration issued distinct banknotes between 1803 and 1968, together with coins between 1926 and 1964 ( see Greenland rigsdaler and Greenland krone ).

Historically, early currencies were typically coins struck from gold or silver by an issuing authority which certified the weight and purity of the precious metal.

Historically, it was the name for the first Russian three-rouble gold coin issued for general circulation in 1701.

Historically, a country issued stamps to commemorate an event or honor a national figure, but these new nations created stamps that appealed to popular collecting themes, such as Disney, Scouting, airplanes or space.

Historically, the main rival of the quantity theory was the real bills doctrine, which says that the issue of money does not raise prices, as long as the new money is issued in exchange for assets of sufficient value.

Historically, promissory notes have acted as a form of privately issued currency.

Historically, the purchasing department issued purchase orders for supplies, services, equipment, and raw materials.

Historically, governments issued monopolierechten ( monopoly-rights ) to publishers for the sale of printed work.

( Historically some gilts, intended primarily for higher rate taxpayers, were issued with coupons below the market rate.

Historically the highest rank Panglima Laôt, he is responsible to reconcile unsolved conflicts issued by Panglima Lhôk or conflicts involving two lhôks or more.

Historically, others have titled their appellate court a court of errors ( or court of errors and appeals ), on the premise that it was intended to correct errors made by lower courts.

Historically, her cult in Greece was imported from, or influenced by, the cult of Astarte in Phoenicia.

Historically, it was of particular relevance to sailing warships which used them to outmaneuver opponents when the wind had dropped but might be used by any vessel in confined, shoal water to place it in a more desirable position, provided she had enough manpower.

Historically, before the advent of widespread digital technology, ASP was the only method by which to manipulate a signal.

Historically, this proceeded from the labours of Jean de Launoy ( 1603 – 1678 ), " le dénicheur des saints ", and Louis Sébastien le Nain de Tillemont, who had shown the falsity of numerous lives of the saints ; while theologically it was produced by the Port Royal school, which led men to dwell more on communion with God as contrasted with the invocation of the saints.

Historically notable among the Louisiana code's differences from common law is the role of property rights among women, particularly in inheritance gained by widows.

Historically, allegations of cannibalism were used by the colonial powers to justify the enslavement of what were seen as primitive peoples ; cannibalism has been said to test the bounds of cultural relativism as it challenges anthropologists " to define what is or is not beyond the pale of acceptable human behavior ".

Historically, control of the Israeli government has alternated between periods of rule by the right-wing Likud in coalition with several right-wing and religious parties and periods of rule by the center-left Labor in coalition with several left-wing parties.

Historically, in Europe, from the pre-Roman period on, the rings composing a piece of mail would be riveted closed to reduce the chance of the rings splitting open when subjected to a thrusting attack or a hit by an arrow.

Historically, concubinage was frequently voluntary ( by the woman and / or her family's arrangement ), as it provided a measure of economic security for the woman involved.

Historically, the international community would have targeted weak states for territorial absorption or colonial domination or, alternatively, such states would fragment into pieces small enough to be effectively administered and secured by a local power.

Historically, call centres have been built on PBX equipment that is owned and hosted by the call centre operator.

Historically, RT-11 also served as the inspiration for many microcomputer OS's, as these were generally being written by programmers who cut their teeth on one of the many PDP-11 models.

Historically the å has developed from a ligature by writing a small a on top of the letter a ; if an å character is unavailable, some Scandinavian languages allow the substitution of a doubled a.

Historically, a dot was positioned above certain consonants to signify Séimhiú, however this has largely been replaced by the usage of the letter H, although this dot can still be seen in Gaelic Script.

Historically, distances were often measured by chains such as Gunter's chain, and angles using graduated circles and, later, the theodolite.

Historically, the concept of entropy evolved in order to explain why some processes ( permitted by conservation laws ) occur spontaneously while their time reversals ( also permitted by conservation laws ) do not ; systems tend to progress in the direction of increasing entropy.

Historically, several number bases have been used for representing floating-point numbers, with base 2 ( binary ) being the most common, followed by base 10 ( decimal ), and other less common varieties, such as base 16 ( hexadecimal notation ), as well as some exotic ones like 3 ( see Setun ).

Historically the major means of transportation has been by boat around the coast in summer and by dog sled in winter, particularly in the north and east.

Historically, the first true GUT which was based on the simple Lie group SU ( 5 ), was proposed by Howard Georgi and Sheldon Glashow in 1974.

Historically, a marble or limestone edge runner mill, running on a limestone bed was used in Great Britain ; however, by the mid 19th century AD this had changed to either an iron shod stone wheel or a cast iron wheel running on an iron bed.

Historically, some theocratic Islamic states known as imamates have been led by imams as head of state, such as in what is now Oman, Yemen, and Saudi Arabia.

Historically, the term ferromagnet was used for any material that could exhibit spontaneous magnetization: a net magnetic moment in the absence of an external magnetic field.

Historically, the master shot was arguably the most important shot of any given scene.

Historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintenance.

Historically, the President of Weimar Germany was popularly elected in 1925 and 1932 by a two-round system that in the second round allowed any candidate to run and did not require an absolute majority.

Historically, the term system operator applied to operators of any computer system, especially a mainframe computer.

Historically, the people's awareness and acceptance of ethical norms was shaped far more by the pervasive influence of custom and usage of property and by inculcating moral precepts than by any formally enacted system of law.

Historically one of the most successful clubs in the league, Collingwood has won fifteen VFL / AFL premierships, the third-most of any team.

Historically the power rule was derived as the inverse of Cavalieri's quadrature formula which gave the area under for any integer.

Historically, the current Congress will adopt the rules of the previous Congress and make any amendments they think are necessary to govern themselves.

Historically, whichever faction controlled Terra has held more political power than any single Great House.

Historically, in physics, hidden variable theories were espoused by some physicists who argued that the state of a physical system, as formulated by quantum mechanics, does not give a complete description for the system ; i. e., that quantum mechanics is ultimately incorrect, and that a correct theory would provide descriptive categories to account for all observable behavior and thus avoid any indeterminism.

Historically, African Americans have faced much harsher treatment concerning segregation than any other racial, ethnic, or ancestral group.

Historically some cultures have regarded charging any interest for loans as sinful and some still do today.

Historically, the SMH has been a conservative newspaper as evidenced by the fact that it did not endorse the Australian Labor Party at any election until 1984 or at a state election until 2003.

Historically, there have been so many incentives to buy locally that no one had to make any kind of point to do so, but with current market conditions, it is often cheaper to buy distantly produced goods, despite the added costs in terms of packaging, transport, inspection, retail facilities, etc .. As such, one must now often take explicit action if one wants to purchase locally produced goods.

Historically, the term " sept " was not used in Ireland until the 19th century, long after any notion of clanship had been eradicated.

Historically, however, the approach can be traced to John Stuart Mill, who in his letter to George Grote, explained: “ human happiness, even one ’ s own, is in general more successfully pursued by acting on general rules, than by measuring the consequences of each act ; and this is still more the case with the general happiness, since any other plan would not only leave everybody uncertain what to expect, but would involve perpetual quarrelling ….”( in Francis E. Mineka and Dwight N. Lindley ( eds ) The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, Volume XIV-The Later Letters of John Stuart Mill 1849-1873 Part I, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, Published 1972, Vol.

Historically, paddles had a 90 degree twist so that when one blade was in the water the other blade did not catch any air, and the upper wrist was well oriented to push the stroke through.

Historically the term ' Springbok ' was applied to any team or individual representing South Africa in international competition regardless of sporting discipline.

Historically, many came with the British military or as civil servants, with many marrying locals, and registering as Gibraltarians themselves, although any British citizen resident on The Rock for at least six months may vote.

Historically, nearly one third to one fifth of all applicants in any given year are admitted.

Historically, Pakistan Muslim League can also refer to any of the following political parties in Pakistan:

Historically, Pakistan Muslim League can also refer to any of the following political parties in Pakistan: