Historically, in telephone switches, connections between callers were arranged with large, expensive banks of electromechanical relays, Strowger switches.

Historically, there are or were a number of institutions that used the term " Beach " in the singular, including the original Beach telephone exchange ( 1903-1920s ), the Beach Hebrew Institute ( 1920 ), the Beach Theatre ( 1919 to the 1960s ), and the Beach Streetcar ( 1923 – 1948 ).

Historically the telephone was often owned by the supplier and permanently wired in to the telephone line they supplied but as phone markets became more deregulated there was a need for a simple plug-in interface that consumers could use.

Historically, bank reserves have formed only a small fraction of deposits, a system called fractional reserve banking.

Historically, the caste system in India consisted of four well known categories ( the Varnas ):

Historically, FPTP has been a contentious electoral system, giving rise to the concept of electoral reform and a multiplicity of different voting systems intended to address perceived weaknesses of plurality voting.

Historically, cytokines were associated with hematopoietic ( blood forming ) cells and immune system cells ( e. g., lymphocytes and tissue cells from spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes ).

Historically, each of the several hundred small towns of Indiana had its own small school system.

Historically, Jersey had a " committee-based system of administration embracing all public service functions and guaranteeing extensive involvement in policy-making for most members " of the Assembly of the States of Jersey.

Historically, therefore, Palestine was an anomaly within the Mandate system, in a class of its own – initially referred to by the British as a “ special regime ”:

Historically, the most important system was the untyped lambda calculus.

Historically, the use of neural networks models marked a paradigm shift in the late eighties from high-level ( symbolic ) artificial intelligence, characterized by expert systems with knowledge embodied in if-then rules, to low-level ( sub-symbolic ) machine learning, characterized by knowledge embodied in the parameters of a dynamical system.

Historically, the Afaan Oromo speaking people used the indigenous Gadaa system of governance.

Historically speaking, the dogma of the equality of man is the result of the adoption of the purely practical machinery of the majority but the adoption of the majority principle is also responsible for another institution of modern times: the party system.

Historically, most psychophysiologists tended to examine the physiological responses and organ systems innervated by the autonomic nervous system.

Historically PLCs were usually configured with only a few analog control loops ; where processes required hundreds or thousands of loops, a distributed control system ( DCS ) would instead be used.

Historically, the President of Weimar Germany was popularly elected in 1925 and 1932 by a two-round system that in the second round allowed any candidate to run and did not require an absolute majority.

Historically, the term system operator applied to operators of any computer system, especially a mainframe computer.

Historically all data on the TPF system had to fit in fixed record ( and core block ) sizes of 381, 1055 and 4K bytes.

Historically, Telnet provided access to a command-line interface ( usually, of an operating system ) on a remote host.

Historically, the vocative case was an element of the Indo-European system of cases, and existed in Latin, Sanskrit, and Classical Greek.

Historically, many systems had a batch window where online subsystems were turned off and the system capacity was used to run jobs common to all data ( accounts, users, or customers ) on a system.

Historically, the people's awareness and acceptance of ethical norms was shaped far more by the pervasive influence of custom and usage of property and by inculcating moral precepts than by any formally enacted system of law.

Historically, the JFS1 file system is very closely tied to the memory manager of AIX.

Historically, support for modern multiculturalism stems from the changes in Western societies after World War II, in what Susanne Wessendorf calls the " human rights revolution ", in which the horrors of institutionalized racism and ethnic cleansing became almost impossible to ignore in the wake of the Holocaust ; with the collapse of the European colonial system, as colonized nations in Africa and Asia successfully fought for their independence and pointed out the racist underpinnings of the colonial system ; and, in the United States in particular, with the rise of the Civil Rights Movement, which criticized ideals of assimilation that often led to prejudices against those who did not act according to Anglo-American standards and which led to the development of academic ethnic studies programs as a way to counteract the neglect of contributions by racial minorities in classrooms.

Historically, others have titled their appellate court a court of errors ( or court of errors and appeals ), on the premise that it was intended to correct errors made by lower courts.

Historically, the blót was an event that focused on a communal sacrifice at various times of the year for a number of purposes.

Historically, the main dispute between the national organizations has generally centered on the interpretation of " Nordic heritage " as either something cultural, or as something genetic or racial.

Historically the custom-built fully armored assault guns usually mounted the gun or howitzer in a fully enclosed casemate on a tank chassis.

Historically, bootstrapping also refers to an early technique for computer program development on new hardware.

Historically, this proceeded from the labours of Jean de Launoy ( 1603 – 1678 ), " le dénicheur des saints ", and Louis Sébastien le Nain de Tillemont, who had shown the falsity of numerous lives of the saints ; while theologically it was produced by the Port Royal school, which led men to dwell more on communion with God as contrasted with the invocation of the saints.

Historically, cryptography was split into a dichotomy of codes and ciphers ; and coding had its own terminology, analogous to that for ciphers: " encoding, codetext, decoding " and so on.

Historically it used to be possible to buy EPROMs with these register bits on the same chip.

Historically, in Europe, from the pre-Roman period on, the rings composing a piece of mail would be riveted closed to reduce the chance of the rings splitting open when subjected to a thrusting attack or a hit by an arrow.

Historically, call centres have been built on PBX equipment that is owned and hosted by the call centre operator.

Historically, Jews have considered it of central importance: traditionally, children began their study of the Torah with Leviticus, and the midrashic literature on Leviticus is among the longest and most detailed of midrashic literature ( see Bamberger 1981: 737 ).

Historically, evangelism has on rare occasions led to forced conversion under threat of death or mass expulsion.

Historically, RT-11 also served as the inspiration for many microcomputer OS's, as these were generally being written by programmers who cut their teeth on one of the many PDP-11 models.

Historically the å has developed from a ligature by writing a small a on top of the letter a ; if an å character is unavailable, some Scandinavian languages allow the substitution of a doubled a.

Historically the umlaut for the Swedish letters ä and ö, like the German umlaut, has developed from a small gothic e written on top of the letters.

Historically, Ecuador depended on a wide variety of foreign suppliers for virtually all of its equipment needs.

Historically, in Western societies the focus of genealogy was on the kinship and descent of rulers and nobles, often arguing or demonstrating the legitimacy of claims to wealth and power.

Historically the first decade of semiconductor electronics were entirely based on germanium, although its production for such use today is a small fraction ( 2 %) of that of ultra-high purity silicon, which has largely replaced it.

Historically, the first true GUT which was based on the simple Lie group SU ( 5 ), was proposed by Howard Georgi and Sheldon Glashow in 1974.

Historically, a marble or limestone edge runner mill, running on a limestone bed was used in Great Britain ; however, by the mid 19th century AD this had changed to either an iron shod stone wheel or a cast iron wheel running on an iron bed.

Historically, HTTPS connections were primarily used for payment transactions on the World Wide Web, e-mail and for sensitive transactions in corporate information systems.

Historically, presents were given in Scotland on the first Monday of the New Year.

Historically, hedge funds have been exempted from certain registration and reporting requirements that apply to other investment companies, because in most jurisdictions regulation permits investments in hedge funds by only " qualified " investors who are able to make an informed decision about investment decisions without relying on regulatory oversight.