It is logical to infer that Shakespeare had special intentions with Cordelia ’ s death, as he was the only writer to have Cordelia killed ( in the version by the anonymous author, she continues to live happily, and in Holinshed ’ s, she restores her father and succeeds him ).

Nothing is known about Holinshed ’ s civil duties, other scholarly achievements or work for the Church.

Macduff and Lady Macduff appear in both Raphael Holinshed ’ s Chronicles ( 1577 ) and Hector Boece ’ s Scotorum Historiæ ( 1526 ).

Raphael Holinshed also included her story in his Chronicles ( 1577 ), based on Tacitus and Dio, and inspired Shakespeare's younger contemporaries Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher to write a play, Bonduca, in 1610.

Shakespeare borrowed the character of Banquo from Holinshed's Chronicles, a history of Britain published by Raphael Holinshed in 1587.

The most important English chronicles are the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, started under the patronage of King Alfred in the 9th century and continued until the 12th century, and the Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland ( 1577 – 87 ) by Raphael Holinshed and other writers ; the latter documents were important sources of materials for Elizabethan drama.

Shakespeare's most important source is probably the second edition of The Chronicles of England, Scotlande, and Irelande by Raphael Holinshed, published in 1587.

Raphael Holinshed, in his Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland ( 1577 ) reports that Richard, " what with purging and declaring his innocence concerning the murder of his nephews towards the world, and what with cost to obtain the love and favour of the communaltie ( which outwardlie glosed, and openly dissembled with him ) ... gave prodigally so many and so great rewards, that now both he lacked, and scarce with honesty how to borrow.

Raphael Holinshed briefly refers to it in his Chronicles, borrowing from Bale.

Much of the material was published by Holinshed in 1577 as The Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland ( usually known as Holinshed's Chronicles ).

* Holinshed's Chronicles, the collected works of Raphael Holinshed

Chronicles, comprising the description and historie of England, the description and historie of Ireland, the description and historie of Scotland ; first collected and published by Raphaell Holinshed, William Harrison, and others.

* Raphael Holinshed, The first and second volumes of Chronicles comprising 1 The description and history of England, 2 The description and history of Ireland, 3 The description and history of Scotland ( London: Henry Denham, 1587 )

* Raphael Holinshed and his collaborators who wrote the Chronicles of England, Scotland and Wales ( 2nd edition, 1587 ), which was Shakespeare's primary source for his history plays.

Raphael Holinshed calls her Voadicia, while Edmund Spenser calls her " Bunduca ", a version of the name that was used in the popular Jacobean play Bonduca, in 1612.

At the coroner's inquest the next day, the jury, which included Oxford's servant and Cecil's protégé, the future historian Raphael Holinshed, found that Brincknell was drunk when he ran onto Oxford's blade.

According to Holinshed, it was predicted that Henry would die in Jerusalem, and Shakespeare's play repeats this prophecy.

Holinshed himself found the story in the earlier Historia Regum Britanniae by Geoffrey of Monmouth, that was written in the 12th century.

( Although Cruden appears to have made an error in writing this, since his source, Holinshed, does not date Borthwick that early, and Caldwell agrees ) By 1511 Edinburgh was the principal foundry in Scotland, supplanting Stirling Castle, with Scottish and European smiths working under Borthwick, who by 1512 was appointed " master melter of the king's guns ".

The manor is said to have been given to Bishop Erkenwald about the year 691 for himself and his successors in the see of London, and Holinshed relates that the Bishop of London was lodging in his manor place in 1141 when Geoffrey de Mandeville, riding out from the Tower of London, took him prisoner.

Holinshed was only one contributor to this work ; others involved in its production included William Harrison, Richard Stanyhurst, and John Hooker.

Although Vernon Snow remarks that Holinshed was an experienced Cambridge-educated translator, no other works by Holinshed are available.

Twelve years later Richard was so distraught at the death of his wife Anne of Bohemia at the age of 28, that he, according to Holinshed, " caused it manor to be thrown down and defaced ; whereas the former kings of this land, being wearie of the citie, used customarily thither to resort as to a place of pleasure, and serving highly to their recreation.

The later chronicles of Raphael Holinshed and John Stow, in addition to detailing the ' confession ', repeat a story, originating in the 15th century account of Richard Fox, that Jack Straw, alias John Tyler, was provoked into his actions by an assault perpetrated on his daughter by a tax collector.

This is fitting for a writer like Chaucer who wrote a book ( for his son Lewis ) on the use of the astrolabe, was reported by Holinshed to be " a man so exquisitely learned in al sciences, that hys matche was not lightly founde anye where in those dayes " and was even considered one of the " secret masters " of alchemy.

Frederick Boas believes that " out of all the rich material provided by Holinshed " Marlowe was drawn to " the comparatively unattractive reign of Edward II " due to the relationship between the King and Gaveston.

Twelve years later Richard was so distraught at the death of Anne at the age of 28, that he, according to Holinshed, " caused it manor to be thrown down and defaced ; whereas the former kings of this land, being wearie of the citie, used customarily thither to resort as to a place of pleasure, and serving highly to their recreation.

According to Penny McCarthy, researcher of literary patronage, it was Holinshed who transformed the story to include allusions to Shakespeare, as a gesture to his patron, Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester ; Dudley was also patron to the actor, Shakespeare.

Holinshed selected the case, from the many murders available as subject matter, because the name of the victim was Arden and Shakespeare's mother's family name was Arden ; the change of name from " Loosebag " To " Shakebags " was a more overt reference.

Two professors of linguistics have claimed that de Vere wrote not only the works of Shakespeare, but most of what is memorable in English literature during his lifetime, with such names as Edmund Spenser, Christopher Marlowe, Philip Sidney, John Lyly, George Peele, George Gascoigne, Raphael Holinshed, Robert Greene, Thomas Phaer, and Arthur Golding being among dozens of further pseudonyms of de Vere.

Although Holinshed's treatment of the Wars of the Roses is derived in large part from Hall's work, even to the point of reproducing large portions of it verbatim, there are enough differences between Hall and Holinshed to establish that Shakespeare must have consulted both of them.

Shakespeare must have used Hall to establish York's claim to the throne ( outlined in 2. 2 ), as the corresponding section in Holinshed adds an extra generation to York's lineage.

Only Holinshed contains information about the Peasants ' Revolt of 1381, which Shakespeare used for the scenes of Cade's rebellion throughout Act 4 ( for example, details such as having people killed because they could read, and promises of setting up a state with no money ).

Another historical parallel found in Holinshed is that Henry is presented as unstable, constantly on the brink of madness, something which is not in Hall, who presents a gentle but ineffective King ( again, Shakespeare follows Hall here ).

Like Holinshed, Grafton reproduces large passages of unedited material from Hall, but some sections are exclusive to Grafton, showing Shakespeare must also have consulted him.

The false miracle for example ( dramatised in 2. 1 ) is found only in Grafton, not in Hall or Holinshed ( although a similar scene is also outlined in John Foxe's Acts and Monuments, Book of Martyrs ( 1563 ), with which Shakespeare may have been familiar ).

One such figure is Margaret of Anjou, and Roger Warren argues that Shakespeare may have taken the inspiration for Margaret's sorrowful departure from Suffolk ( which is found nowhere in Hall, Holinshed or Grafton ) from this poem.

88 More importantly, Shakespeare, though using Holinshed as his main source, occasionally used Hall as the direct source of various passages.

Holinshed in turn used an earlier work, the Scotorum Historiae ( 1526 – 7 ) by Hector Boece, as his source.

Just as Virgil, in the Aeneid, credited the founding of Ancient Rome to exiles from a defeated Troy, so later English writers such as William Caxton and Raphael Holinshed, adapting the medieval pseudo-history of the Welsh-Norman author Geoffrey of Monmouth, credited another band of Trojan exiles for the foundation of a British realm.

Holinshed portrays Banquo as an historical figure: he is an accomplice in Mac Bethad mac Findlaích's ( Macbeth's ) murder of Donnchad mac Crínáin ( King Duncan ) and plays an important part in ensuring that Macbeth, not Máel Coluim mac Donnchada ( Malcolm ), takes the throne in the coup that follows.

In Holinshed, Fleance escapes Macbeth and flees to Wales, where he fathers a son who later becomes Steward to the King of Scotland.