Hyponatremia ( American English ) or hyponatraemia ( British English ) is an electrolyte disturbance in which the sodium concentration in the serum is lower than normal.

Hyponatremia is most often a complication of other medical illnesses in which excess water accumulates in the body at a higher rate than can be excreted ( for example in congestive heart failure, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone, SIADH, or polydipsia ).

Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disorder.

Hyponatremia has been reported in up to 30 % of elderly patients in nursing homes and is also present in approximately 30 % of depressed patients on selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.

Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disorder encountered in the elderly patient population.

The most prevalent one is dehydration, which develops in almost all FPL-infected cats that are clinically ill. Hyponatremia and other electrolyte disturbances are also quite common, as is hypotension, hyperpyrexia or, late in the disease, hypothermia.

* Hyponatremia ( low sodium level in the blood )

Hyponatremia should be corrected at a rate of no more than 8-10 mmol / L of sodium per day to prevent central pontine myelinolysis.

Hyponatremia and concentrated urine ( U < sub > Osm </ sub > > 300 mOsm ) ( reference required-usual criteria cited are Ur Osmo > 100 mOsm / kg and Ur > 40 mEq / L ) are seen, as well as no signs of edema or dehydration.

* Hypernatremia / Hyponatremia

Hyponatremia must be corrected slowly in order to lessen the chance of the development of central pontine myelinolysis ( CPM ), a severe neurological disease.

Hyponatremia also occurs with a low fractional sodium excretion.

* TheDEA. org: Hyponatremia.

* TURP Syndrome: Hyponatremia and water intoxication ( symptoms resembling brain stroke in an elderly presenting patient ) caused by an overload of fluid absorption ( e. g. 3 to 4 Litres ) from the open prostatic sinusiods during the procedure.

Noakes continues to contribute to our understanding of this condition, and in 2005 hosted the 1st International Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia Consensus Development Conference in Cape Town in May 2005.

A new South is emerging after the post-bellum years of hesitation, uncertainty, and lack of action from the Negro in defining his new role in the amorphously defined socio-political organizations of the white man.

A small business is defined as one which is independently owned and operated and which is not dominant in its field.

Field shifts were derived from the mean value of the resonance line, defined as the field about which the first moment is zero.

Dirt, which is here defined as particulate material which is usually inorganic and is very often extremely finely divided so as to exhibit colloidal properties.

The international unit is equipotent with the USP unit adopted in 1952, which was defined as the amount of activity present in 20 mg of the USP reference substance.

The function f{t} defined in this way is multi-valued.

In some neighborhood of an isolated tangent point in the f-plane, say Af, the function Af is either double-valued or has no values defined, except at the tangent point itself, where it is single-valued.

Suppose Af is defined in the sub-interval Af.

Where boundary maintenance describes the boundaries or limits of the group, systemic linkage is defined `` as the process whereby one or more of the elements of at least two social systems is articulated in such a manner that the two systems in some ways and on some occasions may be viewed as a single unit.

The positive Kohnstamm reactivity in Condition 1 ( ( the naive state ) is not adequately explained by such a concept as suggestibility ( if suggestibility is defined as the influence on behavior by verbal cues ).

For example, property `` used in the trade or business '' of a transferor corporation, as defined in section 1231, presumably would not retain its special status following a non-taxable reorganization if it is not so used in the business of the acquiring corporation.

Planes defined as parallel to the surface also cut through it into real space, and a depth is suggested optically which is greater than that established pictorially.

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The gyro angular momentum is defined by H.

But since this is a world in which people disagree about ends and goals and concerning justice and injustice, and since, in a situation where direct action and economic pressure are called for, the justice of the matter has either not been clearly defined by law or the law is not effectively present, there has to be a morality of means applied in every case in which people take it upon themselves to use economic pressures or other forms of force.

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A supply of plague serum finally arrives, but there is only enough to treat existing cases and the country's emergency reserves are depleted.

Towards the end of October, Castel's new anti-plague serum is tried for the first time, but it cannot save the life of Othon's young son, who suffers greatly, as Paneloux, Rieux, and Tarrou look on in horror.

When he contracts the plague, he is the first to receive Dr. Castel's anti-plague serum.

But the serum is ineffective, and the boy dies after a long and painful struggle.

He injects serum and lances the abscesses, but there is little more that he can do, and his duties weigh heavily upon him.

As one UNDP official put it, the CAR is a country " sous serum ," or a country hooked up to an IV.

Although the super-soldier serum is an important part of his strength, Rogers has shown himself still sufficiently capable against stronger opponents, even when the serum has been deactivated reverting him to his pre-Captain America physique.

One molecule that is phosphorylated in the Golgi is Apolipoprotein, which forms a molecule known as VLDL that is a constituent of blood serum.

It is thought that the phosphorylation of these molecules is important to help aid in their sorting for secretion into the blood serum.

Second, unless the specimen is drawn into a fluoride tube or processed immediately to separate the serum or plasma from the cells, the measurable glucose will be gradually lowered by in vitro metabolism of the glucose at a rate of approximately 7 mg / dL / hr, or even more in the presence of leukocytosis.

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis, a hypermetabolic clinical syndrome which occurs when there are elevated serum levels of T3 and / or T4.

In the stress response, serum amyloid A, which is one of the acute-phase proteins and an apolipoprotein, is under the stimulation of cytokines ( IL-1, IL-6 ), and cortisol produced in the adrenal cortex and carried to the damaged tissue incorporated into HDL particles.

Hydrocodone is biotransformed by the liver into several metabolites, and has a serum half-life that averages 3. 8 hours.

Inoculation is the placement of something that will grow or reproduce, and is most commonly used in respect of the introduction of a serum, vaccine, or antigenic substance into the body of a human or animal, especially to produce or boost immunity to a specific disease.

A truth serum, “ fast-penta ,” is available to law enforcement, military, and criminal groups.

The neurologist or a neuromuscular specialist may run a series of more specialized tests, including EMG / NCS ( this is one of the most important tests ), chest CT ( to rule out paraneoplastic ) and specific blood work looking for voltage-gated potassium channel antibodies, acethlocholine receptor antibody, and serum immunofixation, TSH, ANA ESR, EEG etc.

A positive association exists between serum 1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol levels and bone mineral density, while PTH is negatively associated with bone mineral density.

Estradiol is the predominant estrogen during reproductive years both in terms of absolute serum levels as well as in terms of estrogenic activity.

During menopause, estrone is the predominant circulating estrogen and during pregnancy estriol is the predominant circulating estrogen in terms of serum levels.