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ISO 9660, also referred to as CDFS ( Compact Disc File System ) by some hardware and software providers, is a file system standard published by the International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ) for optical disc media.
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ISO and 9660
: The translator for the ISO 9660 filesystem.
ISO 9660 traces its roots to the High Sierra Format file system.
High Sierra was adopted in December 1986 ( with changes ) as an international standard by Ecma International as ECMA-119 and submitted for fast tracking to the ISO, where it was eventually accepted as ISO 9660: 1988.
The ISO 9660 file system format is now used throughout the industry.
The first 32768 bytes of the disk are unused by ISO 9660 data structure, and therefore available for other use.
An ISO 9660 compliant disk contains at least a primary descriptor describing the ISO 9660 file system and a terminating descriptor for indicating the end of the descriptor sequence.
The primary volume descriptor acts much like the superblock of the Unix File System, providing details on the ISO 9660 compliant portion of the disk.
Evaluation of the ISO 9660 filenames is begun at this location.
In addition, since ISO 9660 works by segmenting the CD-ROM into logical blocks, the size of these blocks is found in the primary volume descriptor as well.
The second field is called the Standard Identifier and is set to CD001 for a CD-ROM compliant to the ISO 9660 standard.
Overview of the ISO 9660 directory structure
There are two ways to locate a file on an ISO 9660 file system.
While, strictly speaking, this does not conform to the ISO 9660 standard, most operating systems which can read ISO 9660 file systems have no problem with out-of-spec names.
The restrictions on filename length ( 8 characters plus 3 character extension for level 1 ) and directory depth ( 8 levels, including the root directory ) are a more serious limitation of the ISO 9660 file system.
All numbers in ISO 9660 file systems except the single byte value used for the GMT offset are unsigned numbers.
Based on this, it is often assumed that a file on an ISO 9660 formatted disc cannot be larger than 2 < sup > 32 </ sup >- 1 in size, as the file's size is stored in an unsigned 32 bit value, for which 2 < sup > 32 </ sup >- 1 is the maximum.
ISO and also
ISO also published in 1994 an amendment, referred to as AMD1, introducing minor changes to the language and the library.
Many British Standards ( BSs ) – as well as some of the European and International Standards that were adopted as British Standards ( BS EN, BS ISO ) – are also available in public and university libraries in the United Kingdom.
It is also extended through the universal big-endian format clock time: 9 November 2003, 18h 14m 12s, or 2003 / 11 / 9 / 18: 14: 12 or ( ISO 8601 ) 2003-11-09T18: 14: 12.
The ISO 8601 standard also has the advantage of being language independent and is therefore useful when there may be no language context and a universal application is desired ( expiration dating on export products, for example ).
The algorithm is also specified in ANSI X3. 92, NIST SP 800-67 and ISO / IEC 18033-3 ( as a component of TDEA ).
* DIN EN ISO # is used if the standard has also been adopted as a European standard.
* RELAX NG, which is also a part of DSDL, is an ISO international standard.
The same divergence also presented a problem for the International Organization for Standardization ( Organisation internationale de normalisation ) at its founding in 1947 ; it settled on the short name ISO as a compromise between IOS and OIN.
However, in 2000, HTML also became an international standard ( ISO / IEC 15445: 2000 ).
These characters were, however, included later with ISO / IEC 8859-15, which also introduced the new euro sign character €.
However, the letters with explicit comma below were later added to the Unicode standard and are also in ISO / IEC 8859-16.
Standards that describe calibration and operation for radiation dosimetry, as well as procedures to relate the measured dose to the effects achieved and to report and document such results, are maintained by the American Society for Testing and Materials ( ASTM international ) and are also available as ISO / ASTM standards.
The first two letters of the code are the two letters of ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country codes ( which are also used as the basis for national top-level domains on the Internet ) and the third is usually the initial of the currency itself.
There is also a three-digit code number assigned to each currency, in the same manner as there is also a three-digit code number assigned to each country as part of ISO 3166.
ISO 4217 includes codes not only for currencies, but also for precious metals ( gold, silver, palladium and platinum ; by definition expressed per one troy ounce, as compared to " 1 USD ") and certain other entities used in international finance, e. g. special drawing rights.
ANNA also functions as the ISO 6166 Maintenance Agency ( MA ).
In 1992 the same standard was also adopted as ISO standard 11756-1992.
The dispute also reflected rivalry between organizations ( the M Technology Association, the MUMPS Development Committee, the ANSI and ISO Standards Committees ) as to who determines the " official " name of the language.
Part 7 ( ISO / IEC 13818-7 ) of the MPEG-2 standard specifies a rather different, non-backwards-compatible audio format ( also known as MPEG-2 NBC ).
The Standard Pascal Model Implementation was also based on this compiler, having been adapted, by Welsh and Hay at Manchester University in 1984, to check rigorously for conformity to the BSI 6192 / ISO 7185 Standard and to generate code for a portable abstract machine.
It is the only such implementation that is also compatible with the original Pascal implementation, which is standardized as ISO 7185.
The first of these ( ISO 8859-1 ) is also known as " Latin-1 ", and covers the needs of most ( not all ) European languages that use Latin-based characters ( there was not quite enough room to cover them all ).
ISO and referred
The same standard was ratified by the International Organization for Standardization as ISO / IEC 9899: 1990, with only formatting changes, which is sometimes referred to as C90.
Agreements within the ISO standards body have led to these systems being referred to as Electronic Cinema Systems ( E-Cinema ).
In the abstract, a coordinate system as used in mathematics and geodesy is, e. g., in ISO terminology, referred to as a coordinate system.
A datum transformation again is referred to by ISO as a coordinate transformation.
In the original specifications these were referred to as levels and also had a level number, whereas all ITU-T X. 25 recommendations and ISO 8208 standards released after 1984 refer to them as layers.
The most commonly used procedure for calculating measurement uncertainty is described in the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement ( often referred to as " the GUM ") published by ISO.
The primarily used size is mostly referred to by its legacy name of DIN, which refers to ISO 7736.
The standards developed by the JPEG and JBIG sub-groups are referred to as a joint development of ISO / IEC JTC 1 / SC 29 / WG 1 and ITU-T SG 16.
Note that ISO / IEC 8859-2 is very different from code page 852 ( MS-DOS Latin 2, PC Latin 2 ) which is also referred to as " Latin-2 " in Czech and Slovak regions.
X. 435 | ISO / IEC 10021-9, and informally referred to as P35.
The US Library of Congress is the registration authority for ISO 639-2 ( referred to as ISO 639-2 / RA ).
* HTML (. html,. htm ), ( open standard, ISO from 2000 ), in combination with possible image files referred to.
The ISO 31 and IEC 60027 Standards were revised by the two standardization organizations in collaboration (, ) to integrate both standards into a joint standard ISO / IEC 80000-Quantities and Units in which the quantities and equations used with SI are to be referred as the International System of Quantities ( ISQ ).
This pattern, which is also used for smoke alarms, is named the Temporal-Three alarm signal, often referred to as " T-3 " ( ISO 8201 and ANSI / ASA S3. 41 Temporal Pattern ) and produces an interrupted four count ( three half second pulses, followed by a one and one half second pause, repeated for a minimum of 180 seconds ).
Many polycarbonate grades are used in medical applications and comply with both ISO 10993-1 and USP Class VI standards ( occasionally referred to as PC-ISO ).
Although seldom referred to by their ODS level designations, ODS-3 and ODS-4 are the Files-11 support for the CD-ROM ISO 9660 and High Sierra Format filesystems, respectively.
* ISO GDF 4. 0, formally referred to ISO14825: 2004, now replaced by
* ISO GDF 5. 0, formally referred to ISO14825: 2011.
The following standards are referred to as indispensable by ISO 15924.
The peso ( ISO 4217 code: CUP, sometimes called the " national peso " or in Spanish moneda nacional ) is one of two official currencies in use in Cuba, the other being the convertible peso ( ISO 4217 code: CUC, occasionally referred to as " dollar " in spoken language ).
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